Liquid crystal display device

ABSTRACT

There is provided a liquid crystal display device which prevents a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density (ID) therein and which overcomes problems of defective display such as voids, uneven alignment, and screen burn-in. The liquid crystal display device prevents a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density (ID) therein and reduces defective display such as screen burn-in; hence, such a liquid crystal display device is particularly useful as liquid crystal display devices of a VA mode and PSVA mode which involve active matrix driving and can be applied to the liquid crystal display devices of liquid crystal TV sets, monitors, mobile phones, and smartphones.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device.

BACKGROUND ART

Liquid crystal display devices have been applied to, for example,watches, calculators, a variety of household electrical appliances,measuring equipment, panels used in automobiles, word processors,electronic notebooks, printers, computers, and television sets.Representative examples of types of liquid crystal display devicesinclude a TN (twisted nematic) type, an STN (super twisted nematic)type, a DS (dynamic scattering) type, a GH (guest-host) type, an IPS(in-plane switching) type, an OCB (optically compensated birefringence)type, an ECB (electrically controlled birefringence) type, a VA(vertical alignment) type, a CSH (color super homeotropic) type, and anFLC (ferroelectric liquid crystal) type. Regarding a drive system,multiplex driving has become popular instead of typical static driving;and an active matrix (AM) in which, for example, a TFT (thin filmtransistor) or a TFD (thin film diode) is used for driving has becomestandard rather than a passive matrix in recent years.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, in a general color liquid crystal displaydevice, a transparent electrode layer (3 a) as a common electrode and acolor filter layer (2) are disposed between one of two substrates (1)and one of alignment films (4) provided so as to correspond thereto, apixel electrode layer (3 b) is disposed between the other substrate andthe other alignment film, the substrates are disposed such that thealignment films face each other, and a liquid crystal layer (5) isdisposed therebetween.

The color filter layer is a color filter consisting of a black matrix, ared layer (R), a green layer (G), a blue layer (B), and optionally ayellow layer (Y).

Impurities remaining in liquid crystal materials used in a liquidcrystal layer have a large effect on the electrical properties of adisplay device, and the impurities have been therefore highlycontrolled. In terms of materials used in alignment films, it has beenknown that impurities remaining in the alignment films directlycontacting a liquid crystal layer shift to the liquid crystal layer withthe result that the impurities affect the electrical properties of theliquid crystal layer; hence, the relationship between the properties ofliquid crystal display devices and impurities contained in the materialsof alignment films have been being studied.

Also in terms of materials used in a color filter layer, such as organicpigments, it is believed that impurities contained therein have aneffect on a liquid crystal layer as in the materials of alignment films.However, since an alignment film and a transparent electrode aredisposed between the color filter layer and the liquid crystal layer, ithas been believed that direct effect thereof on the liquid crystal layeris significantly smaller than that of the materials of the alignmentfilm. In general, however, the thickness of the alignment film is onlynot more than 0.1 μm, and the thickness of the transparent electrodethat is a common electrode disposed on the color filter layer side isnot more than 0.5 μm even in the case where the thickness is increasedto enhance the electric conductivity. Hence, the color filter layer andthe liquid crystal layer are not in a state in which they are completelyisolated from each other, and the color filter layer may therefore causeproblems owing to impurities which are contained in the color filterlayer and which pass through the alignment film and the transparentelectrode, such as a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of theliquid crystal layer and defective display including voids due toincreased ion density (ID), uneven alignment, and screen burn-in.

Techniques for overcoming defective display caused by impurities presentin a pigment contained in the color filter layer have been studied, suchas a technique in which dissolution of impurities in liquid crystal iscontrolled by use of a pigment in which the amount of an extract fromthe pigment by ethyl formate is at a predetermined level or lower(Patent Literature 1) and a technique in which dissolution of impuritiesin liquid crystal is controlled by use of a specific pigment for a bluelayer (Patent Literature 2). These techniques, however, aresubstantially not different from merely reducing the impurity content ina pigment and are insufficient in improvements to overcome defectivedisplay even in a current situation in which a technique for purifyingpigments has been advanced.

In another disclosed technique, attention is paid to the relationshipbetween organic impurities contained in a color filter layer and aliquid crystal composition, the degree in which the organic impuritiesare less likely to be dissolved in a liquid crystal layer is representedby the hydrophobic parameter of liquid crystal molecules contained inthe liquid crystal layer, and the hydrophobic parameter is adjusted tobe at a predetermined level or more; furthermore, since such ahydrophobic parameter has a correlation with a —OCF₃ group present at anend of a liquid crystal molecule, a liquid crystal composition isprepared so as to contain a predetermined amount or more of a liquidcrystal compound having a —OCF₃ group at an end of each liquid crystalmolecule thereof (Patent Literature 3).

Also in such disclosure, however, the technique is substantially forreducing effects of impurities present in a pigment on the liquidcrystal layer, and a direct relationship between the properties of acolorant itself used in the color filter layer, such as a dye or apigment, and the structure of a liquid crystal material is notconsidered; thus, problems of defective display in highly-developedliquid crystal display devices have not been overcome.

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-19321

PTL 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No.2009-109542

PTL 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No.2000-192040

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

It is an object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystaldisplay device in which a specific liquid crystal composition and acolor filter containing an organic pigment having a specific particlesize distribution are used to prevent a decrease in the voltage holdingratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density(ID) therein and to overcome problems of defective display such asvoids, uneven alignment, and screen burn-in.

Solution to Problem

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the inventors haveintensively studied a structural combination of a color filtercontaining an organic colorant and a liquid crystal material used forforming a liquid crystal layer and found that a liquid crystal displaydevice in which a specific liquid crystal material and a color filtercontaining an organic pigment having a specific particle sizedistribution are used prevents a decrease in the voltage holding ratio(VHR) of the liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density (ID)therein and eliminates problems of defective display such as voids,uneven alignment, and screen burn-in, thereby accomplishing the presentinvention.

In particular, the present invention provides a liquid crystal displaydevice including a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystalcomposition layer disposed between the first substrate and the secondsubstrate, a color filter including a black matrix and at least RGBthree-color pixels, a pixel electrode, and a common electrode, wherein

the liquid crystal composition layer contains a liquid crystalcomposition containing a compound represented by General Formula (I) inan amount of 30 to 50%

(where R¹ and R² each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxygroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8carbon atoms; and A represents a 1,4-phenylene group or atrans-1,4-cyclohexylene group), a compound represented by GeneralFormula (II-1) in an amount of 5 to 30%

(where R³ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, analkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; R⁴represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 4 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms; and Z³ represents asingle bond, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH₂—,—CH₂O—, —OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—), and a compound represented by GeneralFormula (II-2) in an amount of 25 to 45%

(where R⁵ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, analkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; R⁶represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 4 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms; B represents a1,4-phenylene group or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group which is optionallysubstituted with a fluorine atom; and Z⁴ represents a single bond,—CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—,—OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—); and the color filter contains an organic pigment,wherein among the whole particles of the organic pigment, particleshaving a particle size greater than 1000 nm have a volume fraction ofnot more than 1%, and particles having a particle size ranging from 40nm to 1000 nm have a volume fraction of not more than 25%.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

In the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, using aspecific liquid crystal composition and a color filter containing anorganic pigment having a specific particle size distribution enablesprevention of a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquidcrystal layer, prevention of an increase in ion density (ID) therein,and elimination of defective display such as voids, uneven alignment,and screen burn-in.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of typical liquid crystal display devicesgenerally used.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the liquid crystal display device ofthe present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates the transmission spectra in color filters.

FIG. 4 illustrates the transmission spectra in color filters.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   -   1 Substrate    -   2 Color filter layer    -   2 a Color filter layer containing organic pigment having        specific particle size distribution    -   3 a Transparent electrode layer (common electrode)    -   3 b Pixel electrode layer    -   4 Alignment film    -   5 Liquid crystal layer    -   5 a Liquid crystal layer containing specific liquid crystal        composition

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the liquid crystal display device ofthe present invention. In the liquid crystal display device, atransparent electrode layer (3 a) as a common electrode and a colorfilter layer (2 a) containing an organic pigment having a specificparticle size distribution are disposed between one of two substrates(1) of first and second substrates and one of alignment films (4)provided so as to correspond thereto, a pixel electrode layer (3 b) isdisposed between the other substrate and the other alignment film, thesubstrates are disposed such that the alignment films face each other,and a liquid crystal layer (5 a) containing a specific liquid crystalcomposition is disposed therebetween.

In the display device, the two substrates are attached to each otherwith a sealant and sealing material placed at the peripheries thereof,and particulate spacers or spacer columns formed of resin byphotolithography are disposed between the substrates to maintain thedistance therebetween in many cases.

(Liquid Crystal Layer)

The liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display device of thepresent invention is composed of a liquid crystal composition containinga compound represented by General Formula (I) in an amount of 30 to 50%

(where R¹ and R² each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxygroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8carbon atoms; and A represents a 1,4-phenylene group or atrans-1,4-cyclohexylene group), a compound represented by GeneralFormula (II-1) in an amount of 5 to 30%

(where R³ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, analkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; R⁴represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 4 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms; and Z³ represents asingle bond, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH₂—,—CH₂O—, —OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—), and a compound represented by GeneralFormula (II-2) in an amount of 25 to 45%

(where R⁵ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, analkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; R⁶represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl grouphaving 4 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms,or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms; B represents a1,4-phenylene group or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group which is optionallysubstituted with a fluorine atom; and Z⁴ represents a single bond,—CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—,—OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—).

The amount of the compound represented by General Formula (I) in theliquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display device of the presentinvention is from 30 to 50%, preferably 32 to 48%, and more preferably34 to 46%.

In General Formula (I), R¹ and R² each independently represent an alkylgroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbonatoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxygroup having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; in the case where A is atrans-1,4-cyclohexylene group,

R¹ and R² preferably each independently represent an alkyl group having1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, analkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2to 5 carbon atoms; and

more preferably an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenylgroup having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbonatoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

R¹ preferably represents an alkyl group; in this case, an alkyl grouphaving 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms is especially preferred. In the casewhere R¹ represents an alkyl group having 3 carbon atoms, R² ispreferably an alkyl group having 2, 4, or 5 carbon atoms or an alkenylgroup having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, and more preferably an alkyl grouphaving 2 carbon atoms.In the case where A represents a 1,4-phenylene group, R¹ and R²preferably each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 5carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 or 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxygroup having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 5carbon atoms; andmore preferably an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenylgroup having 4 or 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbonatoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.R¹ preferably represents an alkyl group; in this case, an alkyl grouphaving 1, 3, or 5 carbon atoms is especially preferred. In addition, R²preferably represents an alkoxy group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms.

The amount of a compound represented by General Formula (I) in which atleast one of the substituents R¹ and R² is an alkyl group having 3 to 5carbon atoms preferably accounts for not less than 50%, more preferablynot less than 70%, and further preferably not less than 80% of the totalamount of compounds represented by General Formula (I). Moreover, theamount of a compound represented by General Formula (I) in which atleast one of the substituents R¹ and R² is an alkyl group having 3carbon atoms preferably accounts for not less than 50%, more preferablynot less than 70%, further preferably not less than 80%, and mostpreferably 100% of the total amount of compounds represented by GeneralFormula (I).

One or more compounds represented by General Formula (I) can be used,and at least one compound in which A represents atrans-1,4-cyclohexylene group and at least one compound in which Arepresents a 1,4-phenylene group are preferably used.

The amount of a compound represented by General Formula (I) in which Arepresents a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group preferably accounts for notless than 50%, more preferably not less than 70%, and further preferablynot less than 80% of the total amount of compounds represented byGeneral Formula (I).

In particular, the compound represented by General Formula (I) ispreferably any of the following compounds represented by GeneralFormulae (Ia) to (Ik).

(where R¹ and R² each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to5 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms andpreferably have the same meanings as R¹ and R² in General Formula (I),respectively) Among General Formulae (Ia) to (Ik), General Formulae(Ia), (Ic), and (Ig) are preferred; General Formulae (Ia) and (Ig) aremore preferred; and General Formula (Ia) is especially preferred. In thecase of focusing on a response speed, General Formula (Ib) is alsopreferred; in the case of further focusing on a response speed, GeneralFormulae (Ib), (Ic), (Ie), and (Ik) are preferred, and General Formulae(Ic) and (Ik) are more preferred. Dialkenyl compounds represented byGeneral Formula (Ik) are preferred in the case of especially focusing ona response speed.

From this viewpoint, the amount of compounds represented by GeneralFormulae (Ia) and (Ic) is preferably not less than 50%, more preferablynot less than 70%, further preferably not less than 80%, and mostpreferably 100% relative to the total amount of compounds represented byGeneral Formula (I). The amount of a compound represented by GeneralFormula (Ia) is preferably not less than 50%, more preferably not lessthan 70%, and further preferably not less than 80% relative to the totalamount of compounds represented by General Formula (I).

The amount of the compound represented by General Formula (II-1) in theliquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display device of the presentinvention is from 5 to 30%, preferably 8 to 27%, and more preferably 10to 25%. In General Formula (II-1), R³ represents an alkyl group having 1to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, analkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2to 8 carbon atoms; preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atomsor an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms; more preferably an alkylgroup having 2 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 4carbon atoms; further preferably an alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbonatoms or an alkenyl group having 2 carbon atoms; and especiallypreferably an alkyl group having 3 carbon atoms.

R⁴ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenylgroup having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbonatoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms; preferably analkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5carbon atoms; more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atomsor an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; further preferably analkyl group having 3 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 2 carbonatoms; and especially preferably an alkoxy group having 2 carbon atoms.

Z³ represents a single bond, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄—, —COO—,—OCO—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—; preferably a single bond,—CH₂CH₂—, —COO—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—; and more preferablya single bond or —CH₂O—.

The liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display device of thepresent invention can contain at least one compound represented byGeneral Formula (II-1) and preferably contains one or two compoundsrepresented by General Formula (II-1).

In particular, the compound represented by General Formula (II-1) ispreferably any of compounds represented by General Formulae (II-1a) to(II-1d).

(where R³ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or analkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms; and R^(4a) represents an alkylgroup having 1 to 5 carbon atoms)

In General Formulae (II-1a) and (II-1c), R³ preferably has the samemeaning as R³ in General Formula (II-1). R^(4a) preferably represents analkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl grouphaving 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and especially preferably an alkyl grouphaving 2 carbon atoms.

In General Formulae (II-1b) and (II-1d), R³ preferably has the samemeaning as R³ in General Formula (II-1). R^(4a) preferably represents analkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl grouphaving 1 or 3 carbon atoms, and especially preferably an alkyl grouphaving 3 carbon atoms.

Among General Formulae (II-1a) to (II-1d), in order to increase theabsolute value of dielectric anisotropy, General Formulae (II-1a) and(II-1c) are preferred, and General Formula (II-1a) is more preferred.

The liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display device of thepresent invention preferably contains at least one of compoundsrepresented by General Formulae (II-1a) to (II-1d), also preferably oneor two of them, and also preferably one or two of compounds representedby General Formula (II-1a).

The amount of the compound represented by General Formula (II-2) in theliquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display device of the presentinvention is from 25 to 45%, preferably 28 to 42%, and more preferably30 to 40%.

In General Formula (II-2), R⁵ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxygroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8carbon atoms; preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or analkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms; more preferably an alkyl grouphaving 2 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbonatoms; further preferably an alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms oran alkenyl group having 2 carbon atoms; and especially preferably analkyl group having 3 carbon atoms.

R⁶ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenylgroup having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbonatoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms; preferably analkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5carbon atoms; more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atomsor an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; further preferably analkyl group having 3 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 2 carbonatoms; and especially preferably an alkoxy group having 2 carbon atoms.

B represents a 1,4-phenylene group or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene groupwhich is optionally substituted with a fluorine atom, preferably anunsubstituted 1,4-phenylene group or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, andmore preferably the trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group.

Z⁴ represents a single bond, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄—, —COO—,—OCO—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—; preferably a single bond,—CH₂CH₂—, —COO—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—; and more preferablya single bond or —CH₂O—.

In particular, the compound represented by General Formula (II-2) ispreferably any of compounds represented by General Formulae (II-2a) to(II-2f).

(where R⁵ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or analkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and R^(6a) represents an alkylgroup having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R⁵ and R^(6a) preferably have the samemeanings as R⁵ and R⁶ in General Formula (II-2), respectively)

In General Formulae (II-2a), (II-2b), and (II-2e), R⁵ preferably has thesame meaning as R⁵ in General Formula (II-2). R^(6a) is preferably analkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl grouphaving 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and especially preferably an alkyl grouphaving 2 carbon atoms.

In General Formulae (II-2c), (II-2d), and (II-2f), R⁵ preferably has thesame meaning as R⁵ in General Formula (II-2). R^(6a) is preferably analkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl grouphaving 1 or 3 carbon atoms, and especially preferably an alkyl grouphaving 3 carbon atoms.

Among General Formulae (II-2a) to (II-2f), in order to increase theabsolute value of dielectric anisotropy, General Formulae (II-2a),(II-2b), and (II-2e) are preferred.

One or more compounds represented by General Formula (II-2) can be used;it is preferred that at least one compound in which B represents a1,4-phenylene group and at least one compound in which B represents atrans-1,4-cyclohexylene group be used.

The liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display device of thepresent invention preferably further contains a compound represented byGeneral Formula (III).

(where R⁷ and R⁸ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxygroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8carbon atoms; D, E, and F each independently represent a 1,4-phenylenegroup or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene which is optionally substituted with afluorine atom; Z² represents a single bond, —OCH₂—, —OCO—, —CH₂O—,—COO—, or —OCO—; n represents 0, 1, or 2; and the compound representedby General Formula (III) excludes the compounds represented by GeneralFormulae (I), (II-1), and (II-2).

The amount of the compound represented by General Formula (III) ispreferably in the range of 3 to 35%, more preferably 5 to 33%, andfurther preferably 7 to 30%.

In General Formula (III), R⁷ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxygroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8carbon atoms. In the case where D represents trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, R⁷preferably represents an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or analkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl grouphaving 2 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbonatoms, further preferably an alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms oran alkenyl group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, and especially preferablyan alkyl group having 3 carbon atoms.

In the case where D represents a 1,4-phenylene group which is optionallysubstituted with a fluorine atom, R⁷ preferably represents an alkylgroup having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 4 or 5carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atomsor an alkenyl group having 4 carbon atoms, and further preferably analkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

R⁸ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenylgroup having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbonatoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms.

In the case where F represents trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, R⁸ preferablyrepresents an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl grouphaving 2 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 2 to 5carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, furtherpreferably an alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl grouphaving 2 or 3 carbon atoms, and especially preferably an alkyl grouphaving 3 carbon atoms.In the case where F represents a 1,4-phenylene group which is optionallysubstituted with a fluorine atom, R⁸ preferably represents an alkylgroup having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 4 or 5carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atomsor an alkenyl group having 4 carbon atoms, and further preferably analkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

In the case where R⁷ and R⁸ each represent an alkenyl group and whereany one of D and F bonded to R⁷ and R⁸, respectively, is a 1,4-phenylenegroup which is optionally substituted with a fluorine atom, an alkenylgroup having 4 or 5 carbon atoms is preferably any of the followingstructures.

(where the right end of each of the structures is bonded to the ringstructure)

Also in this case, an alkenyl group having 4 carbon atoms is morepreferred.

D, E, and F each independently represent a 1,4-phenylene group ortrans-1,4-cyclohexylene which is optionally substituted with a fluorineatom; preferably a 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene group, a2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene group, a 1,4-phenylene group, ortrans-1,4-cyhclohexylene; more preferably a 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylenegroup, a 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene group, or a 1,4-phenylene group;especially preferably a 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene group or a1,4-phenylene group.

Z² represents a single bond, —OCH₂—, —OCO—, —CH₂O—, or —COO—; preferablya single bond, —CH₂O—, or —COO—; and more preferably a single bond.

n represents 0, 1, or 2; and preferably 0 or 1. In the case where Z²does not represent a single bond but represents a substituent, npreferably represents 1. In the case where n represents 1, the compoundrepresented by General Formula (III) is preferably any of compoundsrepresented by General Formulae (III-1a) to (III-1e) in terms of anenhancement in negative dielectric anisotropy or any of compoundsrepresented by General Formulae (III-1f) to (III-1j) in terms of anincrease in a response speed.

(where R⁷ and R⁸ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, or analkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R⁷ and R⁸ preferably have thesame meanings as R⁷ and R⁸ in General Formula (III), respectively)

In the case where n represents 2, the compound represented by GeneralFormula (III) is preferably any of compounds represented by GeneralFormulae (III-2a) to (III-2i) in terms of an enhancement in negativedielectric anisotropy or any of compounds represented by GeneralFormulae (III-2j) to (III-21) in terms of an increase in a responsespeed.

(where R⁷ and R⁸ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, or analkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R⁷ and R⁸ preferably have thesame meanings as R⁷ and R⁸ in General Formula (III), respectively)

In the case where n represents 0, the compound represented by GeneralFormula (III) is preferably a compound represented by General Formula(III-3a) in terms of an enhancement in negative dielectric anisotropy ora compound represented by General Formula (III-3b) in terms of anincrease in a response speed.

(where R⁷ and R⁸ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, or analkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R⁷ and R⁸ preferably have thesame meanings as R⁷ and R⁸ in General Formula (III), respectively)

R⁷ preferably represents an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, andmore preferably an alkyl group having 3 carbon atoms. R⁸ preferablyrepresents an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and morepreferably an alkoxy group having 2 carbon atoms.

Each of the compounds represented by General Formulae (II-1) and (II-2)is a compound having a negative dielectric anisotropy with a relativelylarge absolute value; the total amount thereof is preferably in therange of 30 to 65%, more preferably 40 to 55%, and especially preferably43 to 50%.

The compound represented by General Formula (III) includes a compoundhaving a positive dielectric anisotropy and a compound having a negativedielectric anisotropy. In the case where a compound represented byGeneral Formula (III) and having a negative dielectric anisotropy withan absolute value of not less than 0.3 is used, the total amount ofcompounds represented by General Formulae (II-1), (II-2), and (III) ispreferably in the range of 35 to 70%, more preferably 45 to 65%, andespecially preferably 50 to 60%.

It is preferred that the amount of the compound represented by GeneralFormula (I) be in the range of 30 to 50% and that the amount of thecompounds represented by General Formulae (II-1), (II-2), and (III) bein the range of 35 to 70%; it is more preferred that the amount of thecompound represented by General Formula (I) be in the range of 35 to 45%and that the amount of the compounds represented by General Formulae(II-1), (II-2), and (III) be in the range of 45 to 65%; and it isespecially preferred that the amount of the compound represented byGeneral Formula (I) be in the range of 38 to 42% and that the amount ofthe compounds represented by General Formulae (II-1), (II-2), and (III)be in the range of 50 to 60%.

The total amount of the compounds represented by General Formulae (I),(II-1), (II-2), and (III) is preferably in the range of 80 to 100%, morepreferably 90 to 100%, and especially preferably 95 to 100% relative tothe total amount of the composition.

The liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display device of thepresent invention can be used in a wide range of nematic phase-isotropicliquid phase transition temperature (T_(ni)); this temperature range ispreferably from 60 to 120° C., more preferably from 70 to 100° C., andespecially preferably from 70 to 85° C.

The dielectric anisotropy is preferably in the range of −2.0 to −6.0,more preferably −2.5 to −5.0, and especially preferably −2.5 to −4.0 at25° C.

The refractive index anisotropy is preferably from 0.08 to 0.13, andmore preferably from 0.09 to 0.12 at 25° C. In particular, therefractive index anisotropy is preferably from 0.10 to 0.12 for a thincell gap or is preferably from 0.08 to 0.10 for a thick cell gap.

The rotational viscosity (γ1) is preferably not more than 150, morepreferably not more than 130, and especially preferably not more than120.

In the liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display device of thepresent invention, it is preferred that the function Z of the rotationalviscosity and the refractive index anisotropy have a specific value.

$\begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack & \; \\{Z = {{\gamma^{1}/\Delta}\; n^{2}}} & \;\end{matrix}$(where γ1 represents rotational viscosity, and Δn represents refractiveindex anisotropy)Z is preferably not more than 13000, more preferably not more than12000, and especially preferably not more than 11000.

In the case where the liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal displaydevice of the present invention is used in an active-matrix displaydevice, the liquid crystal layer needs to have a specific resistance ofnot less than 10¹² (Ω·m), preferably 10¹³ (Ω·m), and more preferably notless than 10¹⁴ (Ω·m).

In addition to the above-mentioned compounds, the liquid crystal layerof the liquid crystal display device of the present invention maycontain, for example, general nematic liquid crystal, smectic liquidcrystal, cholesteric liquid crystal, antioxidants, ultravioletabsorbers, and polymerizable monomers, depending on the applicationthereof.

The polymerizable monomer is preferably a difunctional monomerrepresented by General Formula (V).

(where X¹ and X² each independently represent a hydrogen atom or amethyl group;

Sp¹ and Sp² each independently represent a single bond, an alkylenegroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or —O—(CH₂)_(s)— (where s representsan integer from 2 to 7, and the oxygen atom is bonded to an aromaticring);

Z¹ represents —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —COO—, —OCO—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —CH₂CH₂—,—CF₂CF₂—, —CH═CH—OCO—, —CH═CH—OCO—, —COO—CH═CH—, —OCO—CH═CH—,—COO—CH₂CH₂—, —OCO—CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—COO—, —CH₂CH₂—OCO—, —COO—CH₂—,—OCO—CH₂—, —CH₂—COO—, —CH₂—OCO—, —CY¹═CY²— (where Y¹ and Y² eachindependently represent a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom), —C≡C—, or asingle bond; and

C represents a 1,4-phenylene group, a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, ora single bond, and in each 1,4-phenylene group in the formula, anyhydrogen atom is optionally substituted with a fluorine atom)

Diacrylate derivatives in which X¹ and X² each represent a hydrogen atomand dimethacrylate derivatives in which X¹ and X² are each a methylgroup are preferred, and compounds in which one of X¹ and X² representsa hydrogen atom and in which the other one thereof represents a methylgroup are also preferred. Among these compounds, the rate ofpolymerization is the highest in diacrylate derivatives and the lowestin dimethacrylate derivatives, and the rate of polymerization ofunsymmetrical compounds is intermediate therebetween. Hence, anappropriate compound can be employed on the basis of the intendedapplication. In PSA display devices, dimethacrylate derivatives areespecially preferred.

Sp¹ and Sp² each independently represent a single bond, an alkylenegroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or —O—(CH₂)_(n)—; in an application toPSA display devices, at least one of Sp¹ and Sp² is preferably a singlebond, and compounds in which Sp¹ and Sp² each represent a single bondand compounds in which one of Sp¹ and Sp² is a single bond and in whichthe other one thereof represents an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbonatoms or —O—(CH₂)_(n)— are preferred. In this case, an alkyl grouphaving a carbon number of 1 to 4 is preferably employed, and spreferably ranges from 1 to 4.

Z¹ is preferably —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —COO—, —OCO—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —CH₂CH₂—,—CF₂CF₂—, or a single bond; more preferably —COO—, —OCO—, or a singlebond; and especially preferably a single bond.

C represents a 1,4-phenylene group of which any hydrogen atom isoptionally substituted with a fluorine atom, a trans-1,4-cyclohexylenegroup, or a single bond; and a 1,4-phenylene group and a single bond arepreferred. In the case where C does not represent a single bond butrepresents a ring structure, Z¹ preferably represents a linking group aswell as a single bond; in the case where C represents a single bond, Z¹is preferably a single bond.

From these viewpoints, a preferred ring structure between Sp¹ and Sp² inGeneral Formula (V) is particularly as follows.

In General Formula (V), in the case where C represents a single bond andwhere the ring structure consists of two rings, the ring structure ispreferably represented by any of Formulae (Va-1) to (Va-5), morepreferably Formulae (Va-1) to (Va-3), and especially preferably Formula(Va-1).

(in the formulae, the two ends of each structure are bonded to Sp¹ andSp², respectively)

Polymerizable compounds having such skeletons enable uneven display tobe reduced or eliminated in PSA liquid crystal display devices becausesuch polymerizable compounds have optimum alignment regulating forceafter being polymerized and thus produce a good alignment state.

Accordingly, the polymerizable monomer is especially preferably any ofcompounds represented by General Formulae (V-1) to (V-4), and mostpreferably the compound represented by General Formula (V-2).

(in the formulae, Sp² represents an alkylene group having 2 to 5 carbonatoms)

In the case where the polymerizable monomer is added, polymerization iscarried out even without a polymerization initiator; however, apolymerization initiator may be used to promote the polymerization.Examples of the polymerization initiator include benzoin ethers,benzophenones, acetophenones, benzyl ketals, and acyl phosphine oxides.In order to enhance storage stability, a stabilizer may be added.Examples of usable stabilizers include hydroquinones, hydroquinonemonoalkylethers, tertiary butylcatechol, pyrogallols, thiophenols, nitrocompounds, β-naphthylamines, β-naphthols, and nitroso compounds.

The polymerizable-monomer-containing liquid crystal layer is useful inliquid crystal display devices, and especially useful in liquid crystaldisplay devices driven by an active matrix; hence, such a liquid crystallayer can be used in liquid crystal display devices of a PSA mode, PSVAmode, VA mode, IPS mode, and ECB mode.

The polymerizable monomer contained in thepolymerizable-monomer-containing liquid crystal layer is polymerized bybeing irradiated with ultraviolet with the result that liquid crystalmolecules can be aligned, and such a liquid crystal layer is used inliquid crystal display devices in which the birefringence of the liquidcrystal composition is utilized to control the amount of light that isto be transmitted. Such a liquid crystal layer is useful in liquidcrystal display devices, such as an AM-LCD (active matrix liquid crystaldisplay device), a TN (twisted nematic liquid crystal display device),an STN-LCD (super twisted nematic liquid crystal display device), anOCB-LCD, and an IPS-LCD (in-plane switching liquid crystal displaydevice), particularly useful in an AM-LCD, and can be used intransmissive or reflective liquid crystal display devices.

(Color Filter)

The color filter used in the present invention contains an organicpigment, so that light having a specific wavelength can be absorbed andthat light having another specific wavelength can be transmitted.

Any substrate can be used provided that light can pass through it, and aproper substrate may be selected on the basis of application. Examplesthereof include substrates made of resins or inorganic materials, and aglass substrate is particularly preferred.

The color filter includes the substrate and the organic pigment, and theorganic pigment may be dispersed in the substrate or present only on thesurface of the substrate. The organic pigment may be dispersed in resin,and the resin may be formed into a shape; alternatively, the organicpigment may be dispersed in the form of a coating on the surface of thesubstrate. A color filter in which a dispersion liquid of the pigmenthas been applied to the surface of a glass substrate, for example, canbe suitably used in luminous display devices such as liquid crystaldisplay devices and organic EL display devices.

The color filter can have any shape; arbitrary shapes including a plate,a film, a lens, a sphere, a shape partially having a three-dimensionalroughness, and a shape having a fine uneven surface profile can beemployed.

[Organic Pigment]

Examples of the organic pigment used in the present invention includephthalocyanine pigments, insoluble azo pigments, azo lake pigments,anthraquinone pigments, quinacridone pigments, dioxazine pigments,diketopyrrolopyrrole pigments, anthrapyrimidine pigments, anthanthronepigments, indanthrone pigments, flavanthrone pigments, perinonepigments, perylene pigments, thioindigo pigments, triarylmethanepigments, isoindolinone pigments, isoindolin pigments, metal complexpigments, quinophthalone pigments, and dye lake pigments. A properpigment can be determined on the basis of the wavelength of light to betransmitted.

In the case of a red color filter, a red pigment can be used;specifically, pigments having a high light transmittance for light witha wavelength ranging from 600 nm to 700 nm can be employed. Suchpigments can be used alone or in combination. Specific examples of apreferred pigment include C.I. Pigment Red 81, 122, 177, 209, 242, and254 and Pigment Violet 19. Among these, C.I. Pigment Red 254 isparticularly preferred and has a maximum light transmittance for lighthaving a wavelength from 660 nm to 700 nm.

The red color filter can further contain at least one organic pigmentselected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Orange 38 and 71 andC.I. Pigment Yellow 150, 215, 185, 138, and 139 for toning.

In the case of a green color filter, a green pigment can be used; inparticular, pigments having a maximum light transmittance for lighthaving a wavelength from 500 nm to 600 nm can be employed. Such pigmentscan be used alone or in combination. Specific examples of a preferredpigment include C.I. Pigment Green 7, 36, and 58. Among these, C.I.Pigment Green 58 is particularly preferred and has a maximum lighttransmittance for light having a wavelength from 510 nm to 550 nm.

The green color filter can further contain at least one organic pigmentselected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Yellow 150, 215, 185,and 138 for toning.

In the case of a blue color filter, a blue pigment can be used; inparticular, pigments having a maximum light transmittance for lighthaving a wavelength from 400 nm to 500 nm can be employed. Such pigmentscan be used alone or in combination. Specific examples of a preferredpigment include C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3 and 15:6 and triarylmethanepigments such as C.I. Pigment Blue 1 and/or a triarylmethane pigmentrepresented by General Formula (1) (in the formula, R¹ to R⁶ eachindependently represent a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkylgroup having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted arylgroup; in the case where R¹ to R⁶ are each an optionally substitutedalkyl group, R¹, R³, and R⁵ may be combined to adjoining R², R⁴, and R⁶to form ring structures, respectively; X¹ and X² each independentlyrepresent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an optionally substitutedalkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms; Z— is at least one anionselected from heteropolyoxometalate anion represented by(P2MoyW18-yO62)6-/6 in which y is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3,heteropolyoxometalate anion represented by (SiMoW11O40)4-/4, andlacunary Dawson-type phosphotungstic acid heteropolyoxometalate anion;and in the case where one molecule has multiple structures representedby General Formula (1), these structures may be the same as or differentfrom each other).

In General Formula (1), R¹ to R⁶ may be the same as or different fromeach other. Hence, —NRR moieties (RR represents any of combinations ofR¹ and R², R³ and R⁴, and R⁵ and R⁶) may be symmetric or asymmetric.

C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3 has a maximum light transmittance for lighthaving a wavelength from 440 nm to 480 nm, C.I. Pigment Blue 15:6 has amaximum light transmittance for light having a wavelength from 430 nm to470 nm, and the triarylmethane pigment has a maximum light transmittancefor light having a wavelength from 410 nm to 450 nm.

The blue color filter can further contain at least one organic pigmentselected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Violet 23 and 37 andC.I. Pigment Blue 15, 15:1, 15:2, and 15:4 for toning.

In the case where the color filter can be produced by a technique inwhich pigment dispersions prepared from the above-mentioned organicpigments are applied onto substrates, such pigment dispersions maycontain known pigment dispersants and solvents in addition to theorganic pigments. Dispersion liquids in which the organic pigments havebeen preliminarily dispersed in solvents or pigment dispersants areprepared, and the prepared dispersion liquids can be applied to asubstrate; examples of a technique for the application include spincoating, roller coating, an ink jet technique, spray coating, andprinting.

The organic pigments applied to the substrate are dried, and productionof the color filter may be completed in this state. In the case wherethe pigment dispersions contain curable resins, curing by exposure toheat or an active energy ray may be carried out to complete theproduction of the color filter. Furthermore, an additional step may becarried out, in which a volatile component in the coating is removed byheating with a heater, such as a hot plate or an oven, at 100 to 280° C.for a predetermined time (post-baking).

[State of Pigment Particles in Color Filter]

In the color filter used in the present invention, an organic pigment ofwhich the particles have a particle size greater than 1000 nm has avolume fraction of not more than 1%, and an organic pigment of which theparticles have a particle size ranging from 40 nm to 1000 nm has avolume fraction of not more than 25%. In the color filter, the state ofthe organic pigments which are present in the completed color filter hasthe largest effect on a reduction in defective display such as voids,uneven alignment, and screen burn-in. Defining the particles of theorganic pigments which are present in the completed color filter enablesthe color filter to eliminate the above-mentioned defective display.

The particles having a particle size ranging from 40 nm to 1000 nm arehigher-order particles made by the agglomeration of primary particles,such as secondary particles, tertiary particles, or quaternaryparticles; and the volume fraction thereof is preferably not more than15%.

If particles having a particle size ranging from 100 nm to 1000 nm areexcess, the particles affect a display state. The volume fraction of theparticles having a particle size ranging from 100 nm to 1000 nm ispreferably not more than 7%, and more preferably not more than 3%.

In the organic pigments, coarse particles having a particle size greaterthan 1000 nm have an adverse effect on a display state and are thereforenot preferred; hence, its content needs to be not more than 1%. Thecontent may be measured by observing the surface of the color filterwith, for instance, an appropriate optical microscope.

[Ultra-Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Profile]

The volume fraction of particles having a particle size of not more than1000 nm can be determined by analysis of an ultra-small angle X-rayscattering profile obtained by ultra-small angle X-ray scattering.

In particular, the determination of the volume fraction includes thefollowing steps: the ultra-small angle X-ray scattering profile of anorganic pigment (measured scattering profile) is obtained by ultra-smallangle X-ray scattering (step (A)); assuming that the organic pigmentconsists of spherical particles each having a radius R and hasdispersion in particle size distribution, its theoretical scatteringprofile is obtained from a hypothetical radius R₁ and hypotheticalnormalized variance by simulation (step (B)); curve fitting of thetheoretical scattering profile with the measured scattering profile isperformed to obtain the residual sum of squares Z of the theoreticalscattering profile and the measured scattering profile (step (C)); andother radii R_(n+1) (n is an integer, R_(n)<R_(n+1)) and correspondinghypothetical normalized variance are added to form multiple particlesize distribution models, the steps (B) and (C) are repeated n timesuntil the residual sum of squares Z, which is obtained in the step (C),reaches 2% or lower, and at least one of the primary particle size ofthe organic pigment, the average particle size of higher-order particlesthereof, the normalized variance, and the volume fraction is determinedfrom the result of the curve fitting of the theoretical scatteringprofile with the measured scattering profile (step (D)).

In the ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), diffuse scatteringand diffraction caused not only in a small angle region at a scatteringangle of 0.1<(2θ)<10° but also in an ultra-small angle region at ascattering angle of 0°<(2θ)≦0.1° are simultaneously observed. In smallangle X-ray scattering, in the case where a substance has regions eachhaving a size approximately from 1 to 100 nm and a different electrondensity, the diffuse scattering of an X-ray can be observed from such adifference in the electron density; in the ultra-small angle X-rayscattering, in the case where a substance has regions each having a sizeapproximately from 1 to 1000 nm and a different electron density, thediffuse scattering of an X-ray can be observed from such a difference inthe electron density. The particle size of a measuring object isdetermined on the basis of the scattering angle and scattering intensitythereof.

The main techniques which enable the ultra-small angle X-ray scatteringare two techniques: use of an advanced technology for controlling anoptical system, in which the width of the wavelength of an incidentX-ray and a beam diameter are narrowed to reduce the backgroundscattering intensity in an ultra-small angle region; and accuratemeasurement of part having a small scattering angle with a distancebetween the sample and a detector, so-called camera length, beingelongated as much as possible. The former is mainly employed forultra-small angle X-ray scattering with small equipment used in alaboratory.

A program used to obtain particle size distribution from a small-angleX-ray scattering curve can be preferably a program such as NANO-solver(manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) or GIFT (manufactured byPANalytical B.V.).

In measurement of the particle size properties of the organic pigment,sufficient scattering intensity can be measured when the brightness ofan incident X-ray in an X-ray scattering apparatus is not less than 10⁶Brilliance (photons/sec/mm²/mrad²/0.1% bandwidth), and preferably notless than 10⁷ Brilliance. In the case where the substrate of a coatingis, for example, glass, an X-ray is easily absorbed, and thus thebrightness of the incident X-ray is significantly insufficient; hence,in order to accurately measure the primary particle size of the organicpigment, the average particle size of higher-order particles thereof,the normalized variance, and the volume fraction, the brightness of theincident X-ray is preferably not less than 10¹⁶ Brilliance, and morepreferably not less than 10¹⁸ Brilliance.

In order to use a high-brightness X-ray source with not less than 10¹⁶Brilliance, for instance, the light sources of the large-scalesynchrotron radiation facilities, such as SPring-8 in Hyogo Prefectureand Photon Factory in Ibaraki Prefecture, can be used. In suchfacilities, an appropriate camera length can be determined to select theintended scattering region. Moreover, several types of metal absorberplates called attenuator can be used on the incident light side in orderto produce sufficient scattering intensity, to prevent a sample frombeing damaged, and to protect a detector; and the exposure time can beproperly adjusted to be approximately between 0.5 and 60 seconds toselect measurement conditions suitable for a wide range of purposes.Examples of the attenuator include thin films made of Au, Ag, ormolybdenum.

In a specific process of the measurement, in the step (A), a colorfilter is attached to, for example, the sample holder or sample stage ofa commercially available X-ray diffractometer, and then scatteringintensity I is measured at each of scattering angles (2θ) less than 10°to obtain a small angle X-ray scattering profile (measured scatteringprofile).

In an ultra-small angle scattering apparatus which is used for analyzinga coating on a glass substrate by synchrotron radiation, white lighttaken from a circular accelerator called a storage ring ismonochromatized with a double crystal monochromator in order to employ abeam having a wavelength in an X-ray region (e.g., 1 Å) as a source, thebeam is radiated to the coating attached to a sample stage, atwo-dimensional detector is exposed to a scattered light for apredetermined time, the obtained scattering profile that is concentriccircular is averaged to be one dimensional, the resulting profile isconverted to scattering intensities I corresponding to scattering angles(2θ) less than 10°, thereby obtaining a small angle X-ray scatteringprofile (measured scattering profile). This procedure is defined as thestep (A).

Then, in the step (B), assuming that the organic pigment consists ofspherical particles each having a radius R and has dispersion inparticle size distribution, a theoretical scattering profile is obtainedfrom a hypothetical radius R₁ and hypothetical normalized variance bysimulation with commercially available analytical software on the basisof the measured scattering profile.

In general, in the case where a substance has regions with a differencein electron density Δρ(r), the scattering intensity I can beapproximated as represented by Equation (1).

$\begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 2} \right\rbrack & \; \\{{I(q)} = {{\left( {\int_{V}{\Delta\;{\rho(r)}{\mathbb{e}}^{{\mathbb{i}}\;{q \cdot r}}{\mathbb{d}r}}} \right)^{*}{\int_{V}{\Delta\;{\rho(r)}{\mathbb{e}}^{{\mathbb{i}}\;{q \cdot r}}{\mathbb{d}r}}}} = {{{F(q)}}^{2}{S(q)}}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

In Equation (1), q represents a scattering vector, and V represents thedomain of a volume integral and means that the whole substance issubjected to the integral. F(q) is a form factor, and S(q) is astructure factor; in the case where particles exist in a substance atrandom, S(q) is equal to 1. The scattering vector q is represented byEquation (2).

$\begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 3} \right\rbrack & \; \\{q = {\frac{4\;\pi}{\lambda}\sin\frac{2\;\theta}{2}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

In Equation (2), λ is the wavelength of an X-ray, and 2θ is a scatteringangle. If the particles are spheres each having a radius R, the formfactor F(q) in Equation (1) is represented by Equation (3).

$\begin{matrix}{\left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 4} \right\rbrack\mspace{644mu}} & \; \\{{F(q)} = {{\Delta\;\rho{\int_{0}^{2\;\pi}{{\mathbb{d}\varphi}{\int_{0}^{\pi}{{\mathbb{d}\theta}{\int_{0}^{R}{{\mathbb{e}}^{{\mathbb{i}}\;{qr}\;\cos\mspace{11mu}\theta}r^{2}\sin\;\theta{\mathbb{d}r}}}}}}}} = {\Delta\;\rho\frac{4\;\pi}{q^{3}}\left( {{\sin({qR})} - {{qR}\;{\cos({qR})}}} \right)}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

Accordingly, when the form factor F(q) is calculated on the basis of theassumption of the value of the hypothetical radius R, the scatteringintensity I can be described from Equations (1), (2), and (3). Suchscattering intensity I is, however, based merely on the assumption thatparticles in a substance each have a constant size (the radius R isconstant). In an actual substance, to the contrary, particles rarelyhave a constant size but generally have a variation in size to someextent (dispersion in particle size distribution). In the presentinvention, since such an organic pigment having dispersion in particlesize distribution needs to be subjected to correct and accuratemeasurement of particle size distribution, it is unavoidably necessaryto assume dispersion in particle size distribution.

In view of such dispersion in particle size distribution, the scatteringintensity I can be obtained by gathering scattering derived from each ofparticles having various sizes. A distribution function used forassuming dispersion in particle size distribution can be a knowndistribution function employed in statistics; taking dispersion inparticle size distribution in an actual substance into consideration, agamma distribution function is preferred. The gamma distributionfunction is represented by Equation (4).

$\begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 5} \right\rbrack & \; \\{{P_{R_{0}}^{M}(R)} = {\frac{1}{\Gamma(M)}\left( \frac{M}{R_{0}} \right)^{M}{\mathbb{e}}^{\frac{M \cdot R}{R_{0}}}R^{{- 1} + M}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

In the equation, R₀ is the average radius of spherical particles, and Mis a parameter of the spread of particle size distribution. When it canbe assumed that the particle size distribution in a substance can beobtained from such a gamma distribution function and that the scatteringintensity I can be obtained by gathering scattering derived from each ofparticles having various radii R₁ (the average radius is R₀), thescattering intensity I in the case where dispersion in particle sizedistribution exists is represented by Equation (5) from Equations (3)and (4).

$\begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 6} \right\rbrack & \; \\{{I\left( {q,R_{0},M} \right)} = {\int_{0}^{\infty}{{{F\left( {q,R} \right)}}^{2}{P_{R_{0}}^{M}(R)}\frac{1}{R^{3}}{\mathbb{d}R}}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

M in Equation (5), which is a parameter of the spread of particle sizedistribution, is output as normalized variance σ(%) for an analyticalresult by conversion with Equation (6).

$\begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 7} \right\rbrack & \; \\{{\sigma\mspace{11mu}(\%)} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{M}} \times 100}} & (6)\end{matrix}$

From Equation (5), the scattering intensity I at a scattering angle (20)is calculated from a hypothetical radius R₁ and hypothetical normalizedvariance by simulation to obtain a theoretical scattering profile in thestep (B).

Then, in the step (C), the curve fitting of the theoretical scatteringprofile calculated from the scattering intensity I with the measuredscattering profile is carried out by a least squares method.

In the profile fitting, variables to be refined are an average particlesize (nm) and normalized variance (%). The profile fitting is carriedout such that the residual sum of squares Z of the measured profile andthe theoretical scattering profile becomes minimum by a least squaresmethod; and the smaller the residual sum of squares Z is, the higher theaccuracy of the particle size analysis is. In general, at the residualsum of squares Z of lower than 2%, both of the profiles are visuallysubstantially fitted to each other, which may be regarded as theconvergence. The residual sum of squares Z is preferably lower than 1%,and more preferably lower than 0.5%. The average primary particle sizeand normalized variance which are variables at the convergence can beobtained as analytical results.

In the case where X-ray scattering is observed also in an ultra-smallangle scattering region in the step (A), the analytical range coverseven a relatively large particle size. Hence, if one particle sizedistribution, namely one average primary particle size, and normalizedvariance are assumed in the step (B), the fitting analysis in the step Cmay result in insufficient lowering of the residual sum of squares Z andthus show unsatisfactory fitting of the measured profile to thetheoretical scattering profile.

The reason for it is presumed as follows: it is not that the only oneparticle size distribution exists but that several particle sizedistributions exist because of the presence of pigment particles havinga larger particle size and higher-order agglomerates. A new particlesize distribution model is therefore introduced on the basis of thispresumption.

In the step (D), other radii R_(n+1) (n is an integer, R_(n)<R_(n+1))and corresponding hypothetical normalized variance are added to formmultiple particle size distribution models, and the steps (B) and (C)are repeated n times until the residual sum of squares Z, which isobtained in the step (C), reaches 2% or lower.

Specifically, a new particle size distribution model for a largeraverage particle size is assumed, and the radius is determined as R₂(R₂>R₁). When the corresponding scattering intensities I are defined asI(1) and I(2), the left side of Equation (5) for scattering intensity ismodified into Equations (7) and (8), respectively.

$\begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 8} \right\rbrack & \; \\{{I(1)} = {{I\left( {q,R_{1},M_{1}} \right)} = {\int_{0}^{\infty}{{{F\left( {q,R} \right)}}^{2}{P_{R_{1}}^{M_{1}}(R)}\frac{1}{R^{3}}{\mathbb{d}R}}}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

M₁ is a parameter of the spread of the first particle size distribution.

$\begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 9} \right\rbrack & \; \\{{I(2)} = {{I\left( {q,R_{2},M_{2}} \right)} = {\int_{0}^{\infty}{{{F\left( {q,R} \right)}}^{2}{P_{R_{2}}^{M_{2}}(R)}\frac{1}{R^{3}}{\mathbb{d}R}}}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$

M₂ is a parameter of the spread of the second particle sizedistribution.

Likewise, in the case where distributions at a third radius R3 or moreare assumed, the scattering intensities can be I(3), I(4) . . . , andI(n).

Total scattering intensity I_(Total) in a particle size distributionmodel having two average particle sizes is represented by Equation (9).I _(Total) =k(1)I(1)+k(2)I(2)  (9)

k(1) and k(2) are scale factors which represent the composition ratiosof corresponding distributions.

Similarly, a particle size distribution model having three or moreaverage particle sizes is assumed, and the total scattering intensity ofn particle size distribution models in total can be represented byEquation (10).I _(Total) =k(1)I(1)+k(2)I(2)+ . . . +k(n)I(n)  (10)

In the above-mentioned multiple particle size distributions, forexample, the volume fractions w(1), w(2), . . . , and w(n) in n particlesize distributions are in a ratio represented by Equation (11).w(1):w(2): . . . :w(n)=k(1):k(2): . . . :k(n)  (11)

Variables refined in the profile fitting are the average particle size(nm) in each particle size distribution, normalized variance which showsthe width of a corresponding particle size distribution (%), and thevolume fraction in each particle size distribution (%). The profilefitting is carried out such that the value of Z which is the residualsum of squares of the measured profile and the total theoreticalscattering profile becomes minimum, and then each variable isdetermined.

If the profile fitting in the step (D) does not well converge, in otherwords, if the minimum value of the residual sum of squares Z cannot bedetermined, the cause of this circumstance may be that the types ofvariables to be determined are in excess. In this case, the normalizedvaliance of each particle size distribution may be fixed with referenceto normalized valiance obtained in the step (C). Owing to thisprocedure, the profile fitting by a least squares method with fewervariables can easily converge. Thus, the average particle size (nm) ineach particle size distribution, the normalized variance (%) thereof,and the volume fraction in each particle size distribution (%) can beobtained as analytical results.

(Alignment Film)

In the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, in thecase where alignment films need to be provided on the liquid crystalcomposition sides of the first and second substrates to align themolecules of the liquid crystal composition, the alignment films aredisposed between a color filter and the liquid crystal layer in theliquid crystal display device. Each alignment film, however, has athickness of not more than 100 nm even when the thickness is large;hence, the alignment films do not completely block the interactionbetween a colorant used in the color filter, such as a pigment, and aliquid crystal compound used in the liquid crystal layer.

In a liquid crystal display device in which an alignment film is notused, the interaction between a colorant used in the color filter, suchas a pigment, and a liquid crystal compound used in the liquid crystallayer is larger.

The material of the alignment films can be a transparent organicmaterial such as polyimide, polyamide, BCB (benzocyclobutene polymer),or polyvinyl alcohol; in particular, polyimide alignment films formedthough imidizing of a polyamic acid synthesized from diamine such as analiphatic or alicyclic diamine (e.g., p-phenylenediamine and4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane), an aliphatic or alicyclic tetracarboxylicacid anhydride such as butanetetracarboxylic acid anhydride or2,3,5-tricarboxycyclopentyl acetic acid anhydride, and an aromatictetracarboxylic acid anhydride such as pyromellitic acid dianhydride arepreferred. In this case, rubbing is generally carried out to give analignment function; however, in the case where each alignment film isused as, for instance, a vertical alignment film, the alignment film canbe used without the alignment function being developed.

Materials usable for the alignment films may be materials in whichcompounds contain, for instance, chalcone, cinnamate, cinnamoyl, or anazo group. Such materials may be used in combination with anothermaterial such as polyimide or polyamide; in this case, the alignmentfilms may be rubbed or treated by a photo-alignment technique.

In general formation of alignment films, the above-mentioned material ofthe alignment films is applied onto substrates by, for example, spincoating to form resin films; besides, uniaxial stretching or aLangmuir-Blodgett technique can be employed.

(Transparent Electrode)

In the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, thematerial of a transparent electrode can be a conductive metal oxide.Usable metal oxides are indium oxide (In₂O₃), tin oxide (SnO₂), zincoxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (In₂O₃—SnO₂), indium zinc oxide(In₂O₃—ZnO), niobium-doped titanium dioxide (Ti_(1−x)b_(x)O₂),fluorine-doped tin oxide, graphene nanoribbon, and metal nanowires;among these, zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (In₂O₃—SnO₂), and indiumzinc oxide (In₂O₃—ZnO) are preferred. A transparent conductive filmformed of any of such materials can be patterned by photo-etching or atechnique involving use of a mask.

The liquid crystal display device is combined with a backlight forvarious applications such as liquid crystal television sets, computermonitors, mobile phones, smartphone displays, laptops, portableinformation terminals, and digital signage. Examples of the back lightinclude cold-cathode tube backlights and virtually white backlights withtwo peak wavelengths or backlights with three peak wavelengths; in thebacklight with two or three peak wavelengths, light-emitting diodesusing inorganic materials or organic EL devices are used.

Examples

Although some preferred embodiments of the present invention will now bedescribed in detail with reference to Examples, the present invention isnot limited to Examples. In compositions which will be described inExamples and Comparative Examples, the term “%” refers to “mass %”.

In Examples, the following properties were measured.

T_(ni): Nematic phase-isotropic liquid phase transition temperature (°C.)

Δn: Refractive index anisotropy at 25° C.

Δ∈: Dielectric anisotropy at 25° C.

η: Viscosity at 20° C. (mPa·s)

γ₁: Rotational viscosity at 25° C. (mPa·s)

d_(gap): Gap between first and second substrates in cell (μm)

VHR: Voltage holding ratio (%) at 70° C.

(ratio, represented by %, of a measured voltage to the initially appliedvoltage, which was obtained as follows: a liquid crystal composition wasput into a cell having a thickness of 3.5 μm, and the measurement wascarried out under the conditions of an applied voltage of 5 V, a frametime of 200 ms, and a pulse width of 64 μs)

ID: Ion density at 70° C. (pC/cm²)

(ion density obtained as follows: a liquid crystal composition was putinto a cell having a thickness of 3.5 μm, and measurement was carriedout with an MTR-1 (manufactured by TOYO Corporation) under theconditions of an applied voltage of 20 V and a frequency of 0.05 Hz)

Screen Burn-in:

In evaluation of screen burn-in in a liquid crystal display device, acertain fixed pattern was displayed in a display area for 1000 hours,and then an image was shown evenly on the whole of the screen. Then, thedegree of an afterimage of the fixed pattern was visually observed, andresult of the observation was evaluated on the basis of the followingfour criteria:

Excellent: No afterimage observed

Good: Slight afterimage observed, but acceptable

Bad: Afterimage observed, unacceptable

Poor: Afterimage observed, quite inadequate

In Examples, compounds are abbreviated as follows.

(Side Chain)

-n —C_(n)H_(2n+1) linear alkyl group having n carbon atoms

n- C_(n)H_(2n+1) linear alkyl group having n carbon atoms

-On —OC_(n)H_(2n+1) linear alkoxyl group having n carbon atoms

nO- C_(n)H_(2n+1)O— linear alkoxyl group having n carbon atoms

-V —CH═CH₂

V- CH₂═CH—

-VI —CH═CH—CH₃

IV- CH₃—CH═CH—

-2V —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH₃

V2- CH₃═CH—CH₂—CH₂—

-2V1-CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH—CH₃

1V2- CH₃—CH═CH—CH₂—CH₂

(Ring Structure)

Production of Color Filter Preparation of Pigment Dispersion LiquidSynthesis Example 1 Synthesis of Copolymer a

In a nitrogen flow, 100 parts of xylene was held at 80° C.; and then amixture of 68 parts of ethyl methacrylate, 29 parts of 2-ethylhexylmethacrylate, 3 parts of thioglycolic acid, and 0.2 parts of apolymerization initiator (“PERBUTYL® O” [active ingredient: t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, manufactured by NOF CORPORATION]) was addeddropwise thereto under stirring over 4 hours. After the dropping wascompleted, 0.5 pats of “PERBUTYL® O” was added thereto every 4 hours,and the resulting product was stirred at 80° C. for 12 hours. Aftertermination of the reaction, xylene was added thereto to adjust thenonvolatile content, thereby producing a xylene solution of a copolymera with a 50% nonvolatile content.

Synthesis Example 2 Synthesis of Copolymer b

In a nitrogen flow, 100 parts of xylene was held at 80° C.; and then amixture of 66 parts of ethyl methacrylate, 28 parts of 2-ethylhexylmethacrylate, 6 parts of thioglycolic acid, and 0.3 parts of apolymerization initiator (“PERBUTYL® O” [active ingredient: t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, manufactured by NOF CORPORATION]) was addeddropwise thereto under stirring over 4 hours. After the dropping wascompleted, 0.5 pats of “PERBUTYL® O” was added thereto every 4 hours,and the resulting product was stirred at 80° C. for 12 hours. Aftertermination of the reaction, a proper amount of xylene was added theretoto adjust the nonvolatile content, thereby producing a xylene solutionof a copolymer b with a 50% nonvolatile content.

Synthesis Example 3 Synthesis of Polymer A

Into a flask equipped with a stirrer, a reflux condenser, a nitrogeninlet, and a thermometer, a mixture of 54.5 parts of xylene, 19.0 partsof the copolymer a obtained in Synthesis Example 1, 38.0 parts of thecopolymer b, and 7.5 parts of a 20% aqueous solution of polyallylamine(“PAA-05” manufactured by NITTO BOSEKI CO., LTD., number averagemolecular weight of approximately 5,000) was put and then stirred at140° C. under a nitrogen flow in order to perform a reaction at 140° C.for 8 hours while water was distilled off with a separator and thexylene was returned to the reaction solution.

After termination of the reaction, a proper amount of xylene was addedthereto to adjust the nonvolatile content, thereby producing a polymer Aas a modified polyamine having a 40% nonvolatile content. The resin hasa weight average molecular weight of 10,000 and an amine value of 22.0mg KOH/g.

Production Example 1 Production of Powder Pigment 1

FASTOGEN Green A110 manufactured by DIC Corporation (C.I. Pigment Green58, brominated chlorinated zinc phthalocyanine) was used as a powderpigment 1.

Production Example 2 Production of Powder Pigment 2

To a mixture composed of 100 parts of the powder pigment 1 obtained inProduction Example 1, 300 parts of heptane, and 10 parts of the polymerA, 300 parts of 1.25-mm zirconia beads were added. The resulting mixturewas stirred for an hour at normal temperature with Paint Shaker(manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisaku-sho, Ltd.) and then diluted with 200parts of heptane. The zirconia beads were separated by filtration toobtain a pigment mixture liquid.

Into a separable flask equipped with a thermometer, a stirrer, a refluxcondenser, and a nitrogen gas inlet, 400 parts of the pigment mixtureliquid was put. Then, a solution of two parts of2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile) in a polymerizable monomercomposition composed of five parts of methyl methacrylate and five partsof ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was added thereto. Stirring wascontinued at room temperature for 30 minutes, the temperature wassubsequently increased to 80° C., and the reaction was continued at thistemperature for 15 hours. The temperature was decreased, and then theresulting product was filtered. The obtained wet cake was dried with ahot air dryer at 100° for 5 hours and then ground with a grinder toproduce a powder pigment 2.

Production Example 3 Production of Powder Pigment 3

With a double-arm kneader, 10 parts of the powder pigment 1, 100 partsof ground sodium chloride, and 10 parts of diethylene glycol werekneaded at 100° C. for 8 hours. After the kneading, 1000 parts of waterat 80° C. was added thereto; and the resulting product was stirred foran hour, filtered, washed with hot water, dried, and ground to obtain apowder pigment 3.

Production Example 4 Production of Dispersion Liquid 1

To a mixture of 5 parts of the powder pigment 1 obtained in ProductionExample 1, 33.3 parts of propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGMA), and 3parts of the polymer A, 65 parts of 0.5-mm Sepra Beads were added. Theresulting mixture was stirred for four hours with Paint Shaker(manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisaku-sho, Ltd.). The Sepra Beads wereseparated from the resulting liquid mixture by filtration to obtain adispersion liquid 1.

Production Example 5 Production of Dispersion Liquid 2

A dispersion liquid 2 was produced as in Production Example 4 exceptthat the powder pigment 2 and BYK6919 (manufactured by BYK Japan KK)were used in place of the powder pigment 1 and the polymer A,respectively.

Production Example 6 Production of Dispersion Liquid 3

A dispersion liquid 3 was produced as in Production Example 5 exceptthat 0.1 part of pyridine was further added relative to 5 parts of thepowder pigment 2, 33.3 parts of PGMA, and 3 parts of BYK6919.

Production Example 7 Production of Dispersion Liquid 4

A dispersion liquid 4 was produced as in Production Example 6 exceptthat morpholine replaced pyridine.

Production Example 8 Production of Dispersion Liquid 5

A dispersion liquid 5 was produced as in Production Example 6 exceptthat piperidine replaced pyridine.

Production Example 9 Production of Powder Pigment 4 and DispersionLiquid 6

An ∈-copper phthalocyanine pigment (FASTOGEN Blue EP-193 manufactured byDIC Corporation) was employed as a powder pigment 4. To a mixture of 5parts of the powder pigment 4, 33.3 parts of propylene glycol monomethylether (PGMA), and 3 parts of the polymer A, 65 parts of 0.5-mm SepraBeads were added. The resulting mixture was stirred for four hours withPaint Shaker (manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisaku-sho, Ltd.). The SepraBeads were separated from the resulting liquid mixture by filtration toobtain a dispersion liquid 6.

Production Example 10 Production of Powder Pigment 5 and DispersionLiquid 8

A diketopyrrolopyrrole red pigment PR254 (“IRGAPHOR Red B-CF”manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals; R-1) was employed as a powderpigment 5. To a mixture of 5 parts of the powder pigment 5, 33.3 partsof propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGMA), and 3 parts of the polymerA, 65 parts of 0.5-mm Sepra Beads were added. The resulting mixture wasstirred for four hours with Paint Shaker (manufactured by Toyo SeikiSeisaku-sho, Ltd.). The Sepra Beads were separated from the resultingliquid mixture by filtration to obtain a dispersion liquid 8.

Production of Color Filter Production Example 11 Production of ColorFilter 1

A cover glass (borosilicate cover glass manufactured by TGK) was placedon a spin coater (Opticoat MS-A100 manufactured by MIKASA CO., LTD), and1.5 ml of the dispersion liquid 1 obtained in Production Example 4 wasapplied thereto at 600 rpm. The obtained coating product was dried in athermostatic oven at 90° C. for 3 minutes and then heated at 230° C. for3 hours to produce a color filter 1. The color filter 1 had a maximumlight transmittance for light having a wavelength of 523 nm. FIG. 3illustrates the transmission spectrum therein.

Production Example 12 Production of Color Filter 2

A color filter 2 was produced as in Production Example 11 except thatthe dispersion liquid 2 was used instead of the dispersion liquid 1. Thecolor filter 2 had a maximum light transmittance for light having awavelength of 522 nm. FIG. 3 illustrates the transmission spectrumtherein.

Production Example 13 Production of Color Filter 3

A color filter 3 was produced as in Production Example 11 except thatthe dispersion liquid 3 was used instead of the dispersion liquid 1. Thecolor filter 3 had a maximum light transmittance for light having awavelength of 521 nm. FIG. 3 illustrates the transmission spectrumtherein.

Production Example 14 Production of Color Filter 4

A color filter 4 was produced as in Production Example 11 except thatthe dispersion liquid 4 was used instead of the dispersion liquid 1. Thecolor filter 4 had a maximum light transmittance for light having awavelength of 523 nm. FIG. 4 illustrates the transmission spectrumtherein.

Production Example 15 Production of Color Filter 5

A cover glass (borosilicate cover glass manufactured by TGK) was placedon a spin coater (Opticoat MS-A100 manufactured by MIKASA CO., LTD), and1.5 ml of the dispersion liquid 4 obtained in Production Example 7 wasapplied thereto at 600 rpm. The obtained coating product was dried in athermostatic oven at 90° C. for 3 minutes to produce a color filter 5.The color filter 5 had a maximum light transmittance for light having awavelength of 521 nm. FIG. 4 illustrates the transmission spectrumtherein.

Production Example 16 Production of Color Filter 6

A color filter 6 was produced as in Production Example 11 except thatthe dispersion liquid 5 replaced the dispersion liquid 1.

Production Example 17 Production of Color Filter 7

A color filter 7 was produced as in Production Example 15 except thatthe dispersion liquid 3 replaced the dispersion liquid 4. The colorfilter 7 had a maximum light transmittance for light having a wavelengthof 515 nm. FIG. 4 illustrates the transmission spectrum therein.

Production Example 18 Production of Color Filter 8

A color filter 8 was produced as in Production Example 11 except thatthe dispersion liquid 6 replaced the dispersion liquid 1. The colorfilter 8 had a maximum light transmittance for light having a wavelengthof 435 nm.

Production Example 19 Production of Color Filter 9

In the procedure of Production Example 6, the powder pigment 2 waschanged to the powder pigment 4 used in Production Example 9 in order toproduce a dispersion liquid 7. A color filter 9 was produced as inProduction Example 11 except that the dispersion liquid 7 replaced thedispersion liquid 1. The color filter 9 had a maximum lighttransmittance for light having a wavelength of 435 nm.

Production Example 20 Production of Color Filter 10

A color filter 10 was produced as in Production Example 11 except thatthe dispersion liquid 8 replaced the dispersion liquid 1.

Production Example 21 Production of Color Filter 11

In the procedure of Production Example 6, the powder pigment 2 waschanged to the powder pigment 5 used in Production Example 10 in orderto produce a dispersion liquid 9. A color filter 11 was produced as inProduction Example 11 except that the dispersion liquid 9 replaced thedispersion liquid 1.

[Measurement of Volume Fraction of Organic Pigment in Color Filter]

(Observation of Coarse Particles with Microscope)

In each of the color filters 1 to 11, arbitrary five points wereobserved with an optical microscope Optiphot2, manufactured by NIKONCORPORATION, at a magnification of 2000, and no coarse particles with asize of not less than 1000 nm was found in any point.

(Analysis of Color Filters 1 to 11 by USAXS)

Each of the color filters 1 to 11 was attached to a sample holder madeof Al with an adhesive tape and then fixed to a light-transmissivesample stage. The sample was subjected to analysis by ultra-small angleX-ray scattering under the following conditions, and the analysis showedthree particle size distributions; of these, particles having adistribution with an average particle size ranging from 1 to 40 nm weredefined as primary particles, particles having a distribution with anaverage particle size ranging from 40 to 100 nm were defined assecondary particles, and particles having a distribution with an averageparticle size ranging from 100 to 1000 nm were defined as tertiaryparticles. Table 1 shows the results of the analysis. The total of thesecondary particles and the tertiary particles were defined ashigher-order particles and shown in Table 1.

Analytical equipment and the analytical technique were as follows.

Analytical Equipment: Large-scale synchrotron radiation facility: a beamline owned by Frontier Soft Matter Beamline Consortium in SPring-8:BL03XU, second hatch

Analytical Mode: Ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) Analyticalconditions: wavelength of 0.1 nm, camera length of 6 m, beam spot sizeof 140 μm×80 μm, no attenuator, exposure time of 30 seconds, and 2θ=0.01to 1.5°

Analytical Software: Fit2D for imaging of two-dimensional data and forconversion into one-dimensional data (software obtained from the websiteof European Synchrotron Radiation Facility[http://www.esrf.eu/computing/scientific/FIT2D/]) The particle sizedistribution was analyzed with software NANO-Solver (Ver 3.6)commercially available from Rigaku Corporation. The detail of an exampleof the analysis is as follows.

The following was predetermined: the scatterer model was spherical; theanalytical method was a transmission method; and in the case of thegreen pigment A110, the particles were C₃₂N₈ZnBr₁₆ (density: 3.2), and amatrix was C₆H₁₂O₃ (density: 1).

Value of Z: The value had to be not more than 10% in a calculation onlyfor the primary particles, not more than 5% in a calculation up to thesecondary particles, and not more than 0.5% in a calculation up to thetertiary particles.

TABLE 1 Primary particles Secondary particles Tertiary particlesNormalized Volume Normalized Volume Normalized Volume Total of Particlevariance fraction Particle variance fraction Particle variance fractionhigher-order Color filter No. size (nm) (%) (%) size (nm) (%) (%) size(nm) (%) (%) particles (%) Color filter 1 15 [40] 93.9 43 [40] 4.1 194[40] 2.0 6.1 Color filter 2 21 [40] 95.5 54 [40] 3.4 195 [40] 1.1 4.5Color filter 3 17 [40] 87.5 41 [40] 11.4 315 [40] 1.1 12.5 Color filter4 16 [40] 91.8 52 [40] 6.4 184 [40] 1.8 8.2 Color filter 5 18 [40] 86.760 [40] 5.9 187 [40] 7.4 13.3 Color filter 6 17 [40] 81.0 50 [40] 15.8210 [40] 3.2 19.0 Color filter 7 16 [40] 73.4 54 [40] 23.6 221 [40] 3.026.6 Color filter 8 15 [40] 92.2 40 [40] 4.5 201 [40] 1.3 7.8 Colorfilter 9 16 [40] 74.8 42 [40] 20.5 191 [40] 4.7 25.2 Color filter 10 16[40] 91.5 45 [40] 5.6 185 [40] 2.9 8.5 Color filter 11 17 [40] 73.1 43[40] 21.3 235 [40] 5.6 26.9 * In the table, the “[40]” means that thenormalized variance was fixed to be 40% for convergence.

Examples 1 to 8

Electrodes corresponding to first and second substrates were formed,vertical alignment films were formed on the facing surfaces thereof, thealignment films were slightly rubbed to form a VA cell, and then aliquid crystal composition 1 shown in Table 2 was placed between thefirst and second substrates. Then, the color filters 1 to 6, 8, and 10shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal display devices ofExamples 1 to 8 (d_(gap)=3.5 μm and alignment film SE-5300). The VHRsand ID of the produced liquid crystal display devices were measured. Theliquid crystal display devices were subjected to the evaluation ofscreen burn-in. Table 3 shows results of the measurement and evaluation.

TABLE 2 Liquid crystal composition 1 T_(NI)/° C. 81.0 Δn 0.103 Δε −2.9η/mPa · s 20.3 γ₁/mPa · s 112 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 105 3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-410%  3-Cy-Cy-5 5% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 2% 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 13%  2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9%3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5%3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 6% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 6%

TABLE 3 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal composition composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Colorfilter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Colorfilter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10 VHR 99.6 99.599.4 99.6 99.5 99.2 99.5 99.6 ID 16 23 34 25 38 54 27 28 ScreenExcellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good ExcellentExcellent burn-in

In the liquid crystal composition 1, the temperature range of the liquidcrystal phase was 81° C., which was practical for a liquid crystalcomposition used in TVs; in addition, the liquid crystal composition 1had a dielectric anisotropy with a large absolute value, low viscosity,and proper Δn.

Each of the liquid crystal display devices of Examples 1 to 8 had a highVHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in, noafterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 9 to 24

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 4 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 9 to 24, and the VHRs and ID thereof were measured.The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to the evaluation ofscreen burn-in. Tables 5 and 6 show results of the measurement andevaluation.

TABLE 4 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 2 composition 3T_(NI)/° C. 76.0 T_(NI)/° C. 84.8 Δn 0.103 Δn 0.103 Δε −2.9 Δε −2.9η/mPa · s 19.8 η/mPa · s 21.4 γ₁/mPa · s 110 γ₁/mPa · s 119 γ₁/Δn² ×10⁻² 103 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 112 3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-4 10% 3-Cy-Cy-4 11%  3-Cy-Ph-O1 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 12%  3-Cy-Ph5-O2 14% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9%3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7%5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 6% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 6%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 6% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 6% 5-Ph-Ph-1 3% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 3%

TABLE 5 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 99.7 99.5 99.5 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.5 ID 14 26 32 28 40 55 30 33Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good ExcellentExcellent burn-in

TABLE 6 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.5 99.3 99.1 99.5 99.3 ID 19 33 42 30 44 61 36 34Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Good ExcellentExcellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 9 to 24 each had a highVHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in, noafterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 25 to 48

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 7 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 25 to 48, and the VHRs and ID thereof were measured.The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to the evaluation ofscreen burn-in. Tables 8 to 10 show results of the measurement andevaluation.

TABLE 7 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 4composition 5 composition 6 T_(NI)/° C. 74.9 T_(NI)/° C. 80.2 T_(NI)/°C. 85.7 Δn 0.102 Δn 0.105 Δn 0.104 Δε −2.9 Δε −2.9 Δε −3.0 η/mPa · s21.1 η/mPa · s 22.7 η/mPa · s 22.9 γ₁/mPa · s 116 γ₁/mPa · s 124 γ₁/mPa· s 126 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 111 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 112 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 116 3-Cy-Cy-222%  3-Cy-Cy-2 20%  3-Cy-Cy-2 20%  3-Cy-Cy-4 11%  3-Cy-Cy-4 10% 3-Cy-Cy-4 10%  3-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O48% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 7% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6%2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7%3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7% 4-Cy Cy-Ph5-O2 7%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 4 Cy Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7%5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 5-Ph-Ph-1 8%5-Ph-Ph-1 8% 5-Ph-Ph-1 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 2% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-18%

TABLE 8 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 99.6 99.5 99.3 99.4 99.4 99.2 99.5 99.4 ID 15 36 45 38 41 66 39 42Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good ExcellentExcellent burn-in

TABLE 9 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 99.7 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.3 99.3 99.4 ID 16 24 44 27 47 59 43 40Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Good Good Excellentburn-in

TABLE 10 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 6 6 6 6 6 66 6 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 99.7 99.5 99.3 99.3 99.2 99.1 99.2 99.3 ID 18 28 46 39 50 68 47 38Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good GoodExcellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 25 to 48 each had a highVHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in, noafterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 49 to 72

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 11 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 49 to 72, and the VHRs and ID thereof were measured.The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to the evaluation ofscreen burn-in. Tables 12 to 14 show results of the measurement andevaluation.

TABLE 11 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 7composition 8 composition 9 T_(NI)/° C. 75.1 T_(NI)/° C. 80.4 T_(NI)/°C. 85.1 Δn 0.103 Δn 0.103 Δn 0.103 Δε −2.6 Δε −2.6 Δε −2.6 η/mPa · s20.5 n/mPa · s 21.6 η/mPa · s 22.7 γ₁/mPa · s 117 γ₁/mPa · s 125 γ₁/mPa· s 130 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 110 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 117 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 122 3-Cy-Cy-215%  3-Cy-Cy-2 15%  3-Cy-Cy-2 10%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12% 3-Cy-Cy-4 15%  3-Cy-Cy-5 7% 3-Cy-Cy-5 7% 3-Cy-Cy-5 12%  3-Cy-Ph-O1 12% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 12%  3-Cy-Ph-O1 9% 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Ph5-O25% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 5% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 5% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 11% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 11%  2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 11%  3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 12% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 11%  3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 11%  3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 3% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O34% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 4% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O26% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 3% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-24% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4%

TABLE 12 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.4 99.4 ID 19 40 48 37 49 67 32 31Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good ExcellentExcellent burn-in

TABLE 13 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 99.7 99.5 99.5 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.5 99.5 ID 12 28 35 25 37 60 37 38Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good ExcellentExcellent burn-in

TABLE 14 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 99.5 99.4 99.4 99.5 99.3 99.1 99.4 99.4 ID 24 34 44 31 46 69 35 37Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Goodburn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 49 to 72 each had a highVHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in, noafterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 73 to 96

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 15 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 73 to 96, and the VHRs and ID thereof were measured.The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to the evaluation ofscreen burn-in. Tables 16 to 18 show results of the measurement andevaluation.

TABLE 15 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 10composition 11 composition 12 T_(NI)/° C. 76.7 T_(NI)/° C. 80.3 T_(NI)/°C. 85.8 Δn 0.109 Δn 0.105 Δn 0.104 Δε −3.0 Δε −3.1 Δε −3.2 η/mPa · s22.4 n/mPa · s 21.8 η/mPa · s 22.0 γ₁/mPa · s 131 γ₁/mPa · s 126 γ₁/mPa· s 128 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 110 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 114 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 119 3-Cy-Cy-224%  3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-4 6% 3-Cy-Cy-4 10%  3-Cy-Cy-410%  3-Cy-Ph-O1 5% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 4% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 4% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 6%3-Cy-Ph5-O4 6% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 6% 3-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Ph-Ph5-O26% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O28% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O37% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 9% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 9% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O29% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-24% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 5-Ph-Ph-1 6% 5-Ph-Ph-1 3% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 3%

TABLE 16 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 10 10 10 1010 10 10 10 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter10 VHR 99.6 99.5 99.3 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.4 99.4 ID 17 27 47 25 43 58 4044 Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Good ExcellentExcellent burn-in

TABLE 17 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 11 11 11 1111 11 11 11 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter10 VHR 99.7 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.3 99.5 99.5 ID 16 25 39 30 43 55 3432 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Good GoodExcellent burn-in

TABLE 18 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 12 12 12 1212 12 12 12 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter10 VHR 99.8 99.6 99.5 99.6 99.5 99.3 99.4 99.5 ID 13 24 37 25 40 52 4135 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent ExcellentExcellent Excellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 73 to 96 each had a highVHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in, noafterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 97 to 120

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 19 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 97 to 120, and the VHRs and ID thereof weremeasured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to theevaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 20 to 22 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 19 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 13composition 14 composition 15 T_(NI)/° C. 71.9 T_(NI)/° C. 78.8 T_(NI)/°C. 73.8 Δn 0.116 Δn 0.113 Δn 0.113 Δε −3.6 Δε −3.5 Δε −3.9 η/mPa · s21.2 n/mPa · s 21.1 η/mPa · s 21.8 γ₁/mPa · s 123 γ₁/mPa · s 122 γ₁/mPa· s 123 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 92 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 95 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 97 3-Cy-Cy-224%  3-Cy-Cy-2 23%  3-Cy-Cy-2 16%  3-Cy-Ph-O1 7% 3-Cy-Cy-4 5% 3-Cy-Cy-49% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 3% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 6% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 6% 2-Cy-Ph5-O25% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 5% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 6%5-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7%5-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 5-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7%2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 5% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5%5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 6% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 5% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 5%3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 6% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 6% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 8%3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 6%

TABLE 20 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 13 13 13 1313 13 13 13 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter10 VHR 99.6 99.5 99.3 99.5 99.4 99.1 99.3 99.4 ID 20 27 49 32 45 70 3836 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent GoodExcellent Good burn-in

TABLE 21 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.3 99.2 99.4 99.5 ID 18 30 4734 43 66 39 34 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

TABLE 22 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.7 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.4 99.5 ID 14 22 4129 42 57 36 32 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent ExcellentGood Excellent Excellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 97 to 120 each had a highVHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in, noafterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 121 to 144

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 23 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 121 to 144, and the VHRs and ID thereof weremeasured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to theevaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 24 to 26 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 23 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 16composition 17 composition 18 T_(NI)/° C. 75.9 T_(NI)/° C. 82.3 T_(NI)/°C. 85.7 Δn 0.112 Δn 0.111 Δn 0.112 Δε −2.8 Δε −2.7 Δε −2.8 η/mPa · s19.8 η/mPa · s 19.2 η/mPa · s 20.1 γ₁/mPa · s 121 γ₁/mPa · s 114 γ₁/mPa· s 119 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 96 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 94 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 95 3-Cy-Cy-219%  3-Cy-Cy-2 21%  3-Cy-Cy-2 19%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12% 3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-5 5% 3-Cy-Cy-5 5% 3-Cy-Cy-5 4% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 5%2-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 4% 3-Cy-Ph5-O44% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-O2 3% 3-Ph-Ph5-O2 3% 3-Ph-Ph5-O2 3%5-Ph-Ph5-O2 4% 5-Ph-Ph5-O2 4% 5-Ph-Ph5-O2 4% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6%2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6%3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4%5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 7% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 7%3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 9%3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 6% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 9%

TABLE 24 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.6 99.5 99.3 99.4 99.3 99.1 99.4 99.3 ID 19 25 5438 55 63 37 33 Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Good GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

TABLE 25 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.5 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.3 99.1 99.3 99.4 ID 23 35 5537 54 70 44 41 Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

TABLE 26 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.7 99.6 99.4 99.6 99.5 99.2 99.5 99.6 ID 15 21 4226 39 64 36 30 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent ExcellentGood Excellent Excellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 121 to 144 each had ahigh VHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,no afterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 145 to 168

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 27 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 145 to 168, and the VHRs and ID thereof weremeasured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to theevaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 28 to 30 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 27 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 19composition 20 composition 2 T_(NI)/° C. 77.1 T_(NI)/° C. 82.7 T_(NI)/°C. 86.4 Δn 0.104 Δn 0.107 Δn 0.106 Δε −3.5 Δε −3.0 Δε −3.0 η/mPa · s25.1 η/mPa · s 24.2 η/mPa · s 24.4 γ₁/mPa · s 141 γ₁/mPa · s 141 γ₁/mPa· s 142 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 131 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 123 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 126 3-Cy-Cy-222%  3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Ph-O1 14%  3-Cy-Cy-4 5%3-Cy-Cy-4 5% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 6% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 6% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 8%2-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 5%3-Cy-Ph5-O4 5% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7%3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 8% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8%3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 8% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 5% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 5% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 5% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 5%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 5% 5-Ph-Ph-1 5% 5-Ph-Ph-1 3% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 2%

TABLE 28 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.4 99.5 ID 17 29 3829 40 60 42 37 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent ExcellentGood Excellent Excellent burn-in

TABLE 29 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.7 99.5 99.5 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.4 ID 14 31 3727 42 56 40 40 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good GoodGood Excellent burn-in

TABLE 30 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.4 99.3 99.1 99.4 99.5 ID 27 31 5339 56 72 43 35 Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Good GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 145 to 168 each had ahigh VHR and small ID. In the evaluation of screen burn-in, noafterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 169 to 192

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 31 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 169 to 192, and the VHRs and ID thereof weremeasured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to theevaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 32 to 34 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 31 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 22composition 23 composition 24 T_(NI)/° C. 75.5 T_(NI)/° C. 80.3 T_(NI)/°C. 85.0 Δn 0.102 Δn 0.101 Δn 0.102 Δε −2.8 Δε −2.9 Δε −3.0 η/mPa · s22.2 η/mPa · s 22.0 η/mPa · s 22.7 γ₁/mPa · s 121 γ₁/mPa · s 118 γ₁/mPa· s 122 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 117 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 117 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 118 3-Cy-Cy-214%  3-Cy-Cy-2 17%  3-Cy-Cy-2 16%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12% 3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-5 5% 3-Cy-Cy-5 5% 3-Cy-Cy-5 5% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 7%3-Cy-Ph-O1 6% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 5% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 12%  2-Cy-Ph5-O212%  3-Cy-Ph5-O4 7% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O28% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 9% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O36% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 6% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 6% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O28% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O26% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 3% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 3% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 3% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 3%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 3% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 3% 5-Ph-Ph-1 4% 5-Ph-Ph-1 3% 5-Ph-Ph-1 6%3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 3% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 1%

TABLE 32 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.6 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.4 99.5 ID 19 24 4028 44 59 38 39 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent ExcellentGood Excellent Excellent burn-in

TABLE 33 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.5 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.3 99.1 99.3 99.4 ID 25 32 5036 56 75 46 43 Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Good Good GoodExcellent burn-in

TABLE 34 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.8 99.6 99.5 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.5 99.5 ID 13 20 3122 35 49 32 32 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent ExcellentGood Excellent Excellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 169 to 192 each had ahigh VHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,no afterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 193 to 216

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 35 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 193 to 216, and the VHRs and ID thereof weremeasured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to theevaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 36 to 38 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 35 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 25composition 26 composition 27 T_(NI)/° C. 75.6 T_(NI)/° C. 81.1 T_(NI)/°C. 85.7 Δn 0.104 Δn 0.105 Δn 0.105 Δε −2.8 Δε −2.8 Δε −2.9 η/mPa · s20.2 η/mPa · s 20.8 η/mPa · s 21.0 γ₁/mPa · s 117 γ₁/mPa · s 119 γ₁/mPa· s 92 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 107 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 107 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 82 3-Cy-Cy-225%  3-Cy-Cy-2 25%  3-Cy-Cy-2 25%  3-Cy-Cy-4 10%  3-Cy-Cy-4 10% 3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Ph-O1 4% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 4% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 12%  2-Cy-Ph5-O27% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 12%  2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 8% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 5%3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7%3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 6%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7%3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8%3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 2% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8%

TABLE 36 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.7 99.6 99.5 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.4 99.4 ID 18 26 4235 48 57 45 38 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent ExcellentGood Good Excellent burn-in

TABLE 37 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.6 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.5 99.5 ID 21 34 3933 46 70 35 38 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

TABLE 38 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.6 99.5 99.3 99.4 99.4 99.1 99.4 99.3 ID 19 29 3325 42 78 37 42 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good GoodExcellent Good burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 193 to 216 each had ahigh VHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,no afterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 217 to 224

The liquid crystal composition 1 was mixed with 0.3 mass % of2-methyl-acrylic acid4-{2-[4-(2-acryloyloxy-ethyl)-phenoxycarbonyl]-ethyl}-biphenyl-4′-ylester to produce a liquid crystal composition 28. The liquid crystalcomposition 28 was placed in the VA cell used in Example 1 and thenpolymerized by being irradiated with ultraviolet for 600 seconds (3.0J/cm²) while a driving voltage was applied between the electrodes. Then,the color filters 1 to 6, 8, and 10 shown in Table 1 were used toproduce liquid crystal display devices of Examples 217 to 224, and theVHRs and ID thereof were measured. The liquid crystal display deviceswere subjected to the evaluation of screen burn-in. Table 39 showsresults of the measurement and evaluation.

TABLE 39 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.5 99.5 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.0 99.3 99.4 ID 24 33 4333 47 77 34 35 Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Good GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 217 to 224 each had ahigh VHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,no afterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 225 to 232

The liquid crystal composition 13 was mixed with 0.3 mass % ofbismethacrylic acid biphenyl-4,4′-diyl ester to produce a liquid crystalcomposition 29. The liquid crystal composition 29 was placed in the VAcell used in Example 1 and then polymerized by being irradiated withultraviolet for 600 seconds (3.0 J/cm²) while a driving voltage wasapplied between the electrodes. Then, the color filters 1 to 6, 8, and10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal display devicesof Examples 225 to 232, and the VHRs and ID thereof were measured. Theliquid crystal display devices were subjected to the evaluation ofscreen burn-in. Table 40 shows results of the measurement andevaluation.

TABLE 40 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.5 99.4 99.3 99.5 99.3 99.1 99.3 99.3 ID 30 43 5039 54 73 52 44 Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Good Good GoodExcellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 225 to 232 each had ahigh VHR and small ID. In the evaluation of screen burn-in, noafterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 233 to 240

The liquid crystal composition 19 was mixed with 0.3 mass % ofbismethacrylic acid 3-fluorobiphenyl-4,4′-diyl ester to produce a liquidcrystal composition 30. The liquid crystal composition 30 was placed inthe VA cell used in Example 1 and then polymerized by being irradiatedwith ultraviolet for 600 seconds (3.0 J/cm²) while a driving voltage wasapplied between the electrodes. Then, the color filters 1 to 6, 8, and10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal display devicesof Examples 233 to 240, and the VHRs and ID thereof were measured. Theliquid crystal display devices were subjected to the evaluation ofscreen burn-in. Table 41 shows results of the measurement andevaluation.

TABLE 41 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.4 99.5 ID 22 32 4537 44 69 33 35 Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 233 to 240 each had ahigh VHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,no afterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Comparative Examples 1 to 24

As in Example 1, comparative liquid crystal compositions shown in Table42 were individually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1to 6, 8, and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystaldisplay devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 24, and the VHRs and IDthereof were measured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjectedto the evaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 43 to 45 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 42 Comparative liquid crystal Comparative liquid crystalComparative liquid crystal composition 1 composition 2 composition 3T_(NI)/° C. 75.5 T_(NI)/° C. 80.7 T_(NI)/° C. 85.8 Δn 0.104 Δn 0.104 Δn0.104 Δε −2.88 Δε −2.88 Δε −2.95 η/mPa · s 22.5 η/mPa · s 22.3 η/mPa · s22.4 γ₁/mPa · s 123 γ₁/mPa · s 122 γ₁/mPa · s 124 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 114γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 113 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 114 3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-2 24% 3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-4 4% 3-Cy-Cy-4 4% 3-Cy-Cy-4 4% 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 7%3-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 8% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 8% 3-Cy-Ph5-O48% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 4% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O25% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O37% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 10%  4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 9%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7%3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 5-Ph-Ph-1 10%  5-Ph-Ph-1 7% 5-Ph-Ph-14% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 4% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 11% 

TABLE 43 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Example 3Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Liquid ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalcomposition composition composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Color filter Colorfilter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10 VHR 98.3 98.1 97.7 98.297.7 97.3 98.0 98.1 ID 145 165 187 159 182 212 178 168 Screen Bad PoorPoor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

TABLE 44 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 9 Example 10 Example 11Example 12 Example 13 Example 14 Example 15 Example 16 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 98.4 98.2 97.5 98.2 97.6 97.3 98.1 98.2 ID 140 168 190 155 183 210172 164 Screen Bad Poor Poor Bad Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

TABLE 45 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 17 Example 18 Example 19Example 20 Example 21 Example 22 Example 23 Example 24 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 98.4 98.0 97.5 98.1 97.5 97.2 97.9 98.0 ID 143 170 189 164 186 217176 165 Screen Bad Poor Poor Bad Poor Poor Poor Bad burn-in

Each of the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 1 to24 had a lower VHR and larger ID than the liquid crystal display deviceof the present invention. Moreover, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,an unacceptable degree of afterimage was observed.

Comparative Examples 25 to 48

As in Example 1, comparative liquid crystal compositions shown in Table46 were individually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1to 6, 8, and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystaldisplay devices of Comparative Examples 25 to 48, and the VHRs and IDthereof were measured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjectedto the evaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 47 to 49 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 46 Comparative liquid crystal Comparative liquid crystalComparative liquid crystal composition 4 composition 5 composition 6T_(NI)/° C. 73.6 T_(NI)/° C. 80.9 T_(NI)/° C. 84.7 Δn 0.099 Δn 0.094 Δn0.085 Δε −2.15 Δε −2.16 Δε −2.13 η/ mPa · s 17.7 η/mPa · s 17.0 η/mPa ·s 17.5 γ₁/mPa · s 104 γ₁/mPa · s 97 γ₁/mPa · s 98 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 106γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 109 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 136 3-Cy-Cy-2 20%  3-Cy-Cy-2 24% 3-Cy-Cy-2 21%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-4 15%  3-Cy-Cy-5 7%3-Cy-Cy-5 15%  3-Cy-Cy-5 15%  3-Cy-Ph-O1 12%  3-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Ph5-O25% 3-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 5% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 5% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 5%2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 11%  2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 4% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 11%  3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O211%  3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 11%  3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 3%3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 3% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 3% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 3% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 3% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 3%3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4%

TABLE 47 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 25 Example 26 Example 27Example 28 Example 29 Example 30 Example 31 Example 32 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 98.3 98.1 97.4 98.1 97.4 97.1 97.8 98.0 ID 146 161 190 162 191 222179 167 Screen Bad Bad Poor Bad Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

TABLE 48 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 33 Example 34 Example 35Example 36 Example 37 Example 38 Example 39 Example 40 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 98.5 98.4 98.0 98.3 97.9 97.5 98.1 98.1 ID 133 151 180 153 182 203174 175 Screen Bad Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

TABLE 49 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 41 Example 42 Example 43Example 44 Example 45 Example 46 Example 47 Example 48 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 6 6 6 6 6 66 6 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 98.5 98.3 97.9 98.2 97.8 97.4 98.0 98.1 ID 130 147 177 149 180 207171 178 Screen Bad Bad Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

Each of the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 25 to48 had a lower VHR and larger ID than the liquid crystal display deviceof the present invention. Moreover, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,an unacceptable degree of afterimage was observed.

Comparative Examples 49 to 72

As in Example 1, comparative liquid crystal compositions shown in Table50 were individually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1to 6, 8, and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystaldisplay devices of Comparative Examples 49 to 72, and the VHRs and IDthereof were measured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjectedto the evaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 51 to 53 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 50 Comparative liquid crystal Comparative liquid crystalComparative liquid crystal composition 7 composition 8 composition 9T_(NI)/° C. 77.1 T_(NI)/° C. 80.8 T_(NI)/° C. 86.3 Δn 0.109 Δn 0.108 Δn0.107 Δε −2.10 Δε −2.20 Δε −2.27 η/mPa · s 21.6 η/mPa · s 22.1 η/mPa · s22.3 γ₁/mPa · s 130 γ₁/mPa · s 133 γ₁/mPa · s 134 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 109γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 114 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 118 3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-2 24% 3-Cy-Cy-2 24%  3-Cy-Cy-4 7% 3-Cy-Cy-4 7% 3-Cy-Cy-4 7% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 5%3-Cy-Ph-O1 5% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 5% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 2% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 2% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 2%3-Cy-Ph5-O4 2% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 2% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 2% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8%2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8%3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 7% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 8%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 9% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 7%5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 8% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4%3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4%5-Ph-Ph-1 13%  5-Ph-Ph-1 11%  5-Ph-Ph-1 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 1% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-14%

TABLE 51 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 49 Example 50 Example 51Example 52 Example 53 Example 54 Example 55 Example 56 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 98.4 98.4 97.9 98.3 97.7 97.5 98.1 98.3 ID 139 155 172 159 177 198152 150 Screen Bad Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

TABLE 52 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 57 Example 58 Example 59Example 60 Example 61 Example 62 Example 63 Example 64 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 98.6 98.4 98.1 98.4 97.8 97.6 98.3 98.4 ID 129 144 166 143 168 183158 154 Screen Bad Bad Poor Bad Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

TABLE 53 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 65 Example 66 Example 67Example 68 Example 69 Example 70 Example 71 Example 72 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3 Colorfilter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter 10VHR 98.4 98.3 97.8 98.2 97.9 97.2 98.2 98.3 ID 144 152 186 158 184 214159 150 Screen Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

Each of the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 49 to72 had a lower VHR and larger ID than the liquid crystal display deviceof the present invention. Moreover, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,an unacceptable degree of afterimage was observed.

Comparative Examples 73 to 88

As in Example 1, comparative liquid crystal compositions shown in Table54 were individually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1to 6, 8, and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystaldisplay devices of Comparative Examples 73 to 88, and the VHRs and IDthereof were measured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjectedto the evaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 55 and 56 show results ofthe measurement and evaluation.

TABLE 54 Comparative liquid crystal Comparative liquid crystalcomposition 10 composition 11 T_(NI)/° C. 62.2 T_(NI)/° C. 72.4 Δn 0.087Δn 0.088 Δε −4.1 Δε −4.2 η/mPa · s 21.3 η/mPa · s 23.8 γ₁/mPa · s 97γ₁/mPa · s 106 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 129 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 138 3-Cy-Cy-2 12% 3-Cy-Cy-4 20%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-5 15%  3-Cy-Cy-5 5% 2-Cy-Ph5-O216%  3-Cy-Ph-O1 6% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 16%  2-Cy-Ph5-O2 16%  2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7%3-Cy-Ph5-O4 16%  3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5%3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 8% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 5% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5%4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 3% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 3%

TABLE 55 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 73 Example 74 Example 75Example 76 Example 77 Example 78 Example 79 Example 80 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 10 10 10 1010 10 10 10 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 6 Color filter6 VHR 98.3 98.2 97.9 98.2 97.7 97.4 97.8 97.9 ID 149 157 174 156 179 210183 176 Screen Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

TABLE 56 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 81 Example 82 Example 83Example 84 Example 85 Example 86 Example 87 Example 88 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 11 11 11 1111 11 11 11 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter10 VHR 98.4 98.2 97.7 98.3 97.8 97.3 98.1 98.3 ID 143 167 180 168 179203 175 162 Screen Bad Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

Each of the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 73 to88 had a lower VHR and larger ID than the liquid crystal display deviceof the present invention. Moreover, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,an unacceptable degree of afterimage was observed.

Comparative Examples 89 to 112

As in Example 1, comparative liquid crystal compositions shown in Table57 were individually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1to 6, 8, and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystaldisplay devices of Comparative Examples 89 to 112, and the VHRs and IDthereof were measured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjectedto the evaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 58 to 60 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 57 Comparative liquid crystal Comparative liquid crystalComparative liquid crystal composition 12 composition 13 composition 14T_(NI)/° C. 74.9 T_(NI)/° C. 79.6 T_(NI)/° C. 85.4 Δn 0.103 Δn 0.104 Δn0.107 Δε −2.34 Δε −2.39 Δε −2.46 η/mPa · s 18.4 η/mPa · s 18.9 η/mPa · s20.0 γ₁/mPa · s 106 γ₁/mPa · s 108 γ₁/mPa · s 114 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 99γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 99 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 99 3-Cy-Cy-2 20%  3-Cy-Cy-2 20% 3-Cy-Cy-2 18%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-4 12%  3-Cy-Cy-5 5%3-Cy-Cy-5 5% 3-Cy-Cy-5 5% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 5% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 2% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 7%2-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 7% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 8% 3-Cy-Ph5-O4 8% 3-Cy-Ph5-O48% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O26% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 4% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O34% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 4% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O24% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 4% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-27% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 7% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 7% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8%4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 8% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 11%  3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 4% 3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 7%

TABLE 58 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 89 Example 90 Example 91Example 92 Example 93 Example 94 Example 95 Example 96 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 12 12 12 1212 12 12 12 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter10 VHR 98.3 98.2 97.7 98.1 97.9 97.5 98.0 98.2 ID 151 167 202 172 189225 180 170 Screen Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

TABLE 59 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 97 Example 98 Example 99Example 100 Example 101 Example 102 Example 103 Example 104 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 13 13 13 1313 13 13 13 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter10 VHR 98.4 98.2 97.8 98.2 97.6 97.4 98.1 98.3 ID 140 162 177 165 184208 169 157 Screen Bad Bad Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

TABLE 60 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 105 Example 106 Example 107Example 108 Example 109 Example 110 Example 111 Example 112 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 14 14 14 1414 14 14 14 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter10 VHR 98.5 98.4 97.8 98.4 97.9 97.6 98.4 98.4 ID 132 148 183 150 185192 152 146 Screen Bad Bad Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Bad burn-in

Each of the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 89 to112 had a lower VHR and larger ID than the liquid crystal display deviceof the present invention. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screenburn-in, an unacceptable degree of afterimage was observed.

Comparative Examples 113 to 120

As in Example 1, a comparative liquid crystal composition shown in Table61 was placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8, and10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal display devicesof Comparative Examples 113 to 120, and the VHRs and ID thereof weremeasured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to theevaluation of screen burn-in. Table 62 shows results of the measurementand evaluation.

TABLE 61 Comparative liquid crystal composition 15 T_(NI)/° C. 86.3 Δn0.105 Δε −3.41 η/mPa · s 26.4 γ₁/mPa · s 149 γ₁/Δn² × 10⁻² 135 3-Cy-Cy-224% 3-Cy-Ph-O1 11% 2-Cy-Ph5-O2 10% 2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2  7% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2  9%3-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O3 10% 4-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 10% 5-Cy-Cy-Ph5-O2 10% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 4% 4-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2  4% 5-Ph-Ph-1  1%

TABLE 62 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 113 Example 114 Example 115Example 116 Example 117 Example 118 Example 119 Example 120 LiquidComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquidcrystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystal liquid crystalliquid crystal composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition 15 15 15 1515 15 15 15 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Color filter 3Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8 Color filter10 VHR 98.3 98.1 97.6 98.1 97.7 97.3 97.9 98.0 ID 150 169 188 164 185212 173 166 Screen Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

Each of the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 113to 120 had a lower VHR and larger ID than the liquid crystal displaydevice of the present invention. Furthermore, in the evaluation ofscreen burn-in, an unacceptable degree of afterimage was observed.

Comparative Examples 121 to 144

The liquid crystal compositions 1, 2, 8, 13, 14, 19, 20, and 26 wereindividually placed in the VA cell used in Example 1; the color filters7, 9, and 11 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystaldisplay devices of Comparative Examples 121 to 144; and the VHRs and IDthereof were measured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjectedto the evaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 63 to 65 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 63 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 121 Example 122 Example 123Example 124 Example 125 Example 126 Example 127 Example 128 LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition 1 2 8 13 14 19 20 26 Color filter Color filter 7Color filter 7 Color filter 7 Color filter 7 Color filter 7 Color filter7 Color filter 7 Color filter 7 VHR 98.6 98.7 98.6 98.4 98.5 98.5 98.698.5 ID 101 105 107 130 117 112 108 122 Screen Bad Poor Bad Poor PoorPoor Bad Poor burn-in

TABLE 64 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 129 Example 130 Example 131Example 132 Example 133 Example 134 Example 135 Example 136 LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition 1 2 8 13 14 19 20 26 Color filter Color filter 9Color filter 9 Color filter 9 Color filter 9 Color filter 9 Color filter9 Color filter 9 Color filter 9 VHR 98.5 98.4 98.5 98.2 98.4 98.3 98.298.2 ID 140 145 136 162 132 154 155 144 Screen Poor Poor Bad Poor BadPoor Poor Bad burn-in

TABLE 65 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Example 137 Example 138 Example 139Example 140 Example 141 Example 142 Example 143 Example 144 LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal crystal compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition compositioncomposition composition 1 2 8 13 14 19 20 26 Color filter Color filter11 Color filter 11 Color filter 11 Color filter 11 Color filter 11 Colorfilter 11 Color filter 11 Color filter 11 VHR 98.5 98.6 98.4 98.4 98.398.3 98.4 98.3 ID 116 123 128 139 157 150 141 131 Screen Bad Bad BadPoor Poor Poor Poor Poor burn-in

Each of the liquid crystal display devices of Comparative Examples 121to 144 had a lower VHR and larger ID than the liquid crystal displaydevice of the present invention. Moreover, in the evaluation of screenburn-in, an unacceptable degree of afterimage was observed.

Examples 241 to 264

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 66 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 241 to 264, and the VHRs and ID thereof weremeasured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to theevaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 67 to 69 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

TABLE 66 Liquid crystal Liquid crystal Liquid crystal composition 31composition 32 composition 33 TNI/° C. 75.5 TNI/° C. 75.4 TNI/° C. 83.1Δn 0.103 Δn 0.109 Δn 0.114 Δε −3.1 Δε −3.1 Δε −2.9 η/mPa · s 15.8 η/mPa· s 14.9 η/mPa · s 14.8 γ1/mPa · s 113 γ1/mPa · s 110 γ1/mPa · s 92γ1/Δn2 × 10−2 113 γ1/Δn2 × 10−2 92 γ1/Δn2 × 10−2 71 3-Cy-Cy-2 13% 2-Cy-Cy-V1 20% V2-Ph-Ph-1 5% 3-Cy-Cy-V1 12%  3-Cy-Cy-V1 13% 3-Cy-Cy-V39%  3-Cy-Cy-4 5% 3-Ph-Ph-1 10% 3-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Ph-Ph-1 3% 5-Ph-Ph-1 5% 2-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 11%  5-Ph-Ph-1 12%  3-Cy-Ph-Ph-2  6%3-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O1 11%  3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 3% 1V-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2  8%3-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 6% V-Cy-Ph-Ph-3 6% 2-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 10%2-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 6% 3-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 11%  3-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 10%3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-1 8% 2-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 12%  V-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 10%3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2 9% 3-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 12%  1V-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2  4%4-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 2% 3-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2  4% V-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 3%1V-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 6%

TABLE 67 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.2 99.1 99.3 99.5 ID 17 35 4638 54 76 38 30 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

TABLE 68 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.5 99.5 99.2 99.4 99.3 99.1 99.4 99.4 ID 32 40 5335 48 72 43 39 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent ExcellentGood Excellent Excellent burn-in

TABLE 69 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.4 99.3 99.2 99.4 99.1 99.0 99.2 99.3 ID 34 44 5240 57 76 55 43 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 241 to 264 each had ahigh VHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,no afterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

Examples 265 to 280

As in Example 1, liquid crystal compositions shown in Table 70 wereindividually placed between the substrates, the color filters 1 to 6, 8,and 10 shown in Table 1 were used to produce liquid crystal displaydevices of Examples 265 to 280, and the VHRs and ID thereof weremeasured. The liquid crystal display devices were subjected to theevaluation of screen burn-in. Tables 71 and 72 show results of themeasurement and evaluation.

[Table 70]

Liquid crystal composition 34 Liquid crystal composition 35 TNI/° C.76.3 TNI/° C. 76.6 Δn 0.106 Δn 0.109 Δε −3.0 Δε −3.2 η/mPa · s 16.6η/mPa · s 13.9 γ1/mPa · s 106 γ1/mPa · s 95 γ1/Δn2 × 10−2 95 γ1/Δn2 ×10−2 80 3-Cy-Cy-2 17% 1V-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 12%  3-Cy-Ph-Ph-2 12%1V-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 12%  3-Cy-1O-Ph5-O1 11% 3-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 2%3-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 17% 2-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 5% 3-Nd-Ph5-Ph-2  4%3-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O2 4% 3-Cy-Cy-V  5% 3-Cy-Ph-Ph5-O2 4% 3-Cy-Cy-V1 10%3-Cy-Cy-V 38%  V-Cy-Ph-Ph-3 12% 3-Cy-Cy-V1 3% V-Cy-Cy-1O-Ph5-O3 12%3-Ph-Ph-1 3% V2-Ph-Ph5-Ph-2V 12%  1V2-Ph-Ph5-Ph2-V1 5%

TABLE 71 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.4 99.2 99.0 99.3 99.4 ID 29 38 5641 58 78 52 36 Screen Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Excellent GoodGood Excellent burn-in

TABLE 72 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Liquid crystal crystal crystal crystal crystalcrystal crystal crystal crystal composition composition compositioncomposition composition composition composition composition composition35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 Color filter Color filter 1 Color filter 2 Colorfilter 3 Color filter 4 Color filter 5 Color filter 6 Color filter 8Color filter 10 VHR 99.4 99.3 99.2 99.3 99.1 99.1 99.2 99.3 ID 33 42 5545 52 77 48 41 Screen Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good GoodExcellent Excellent burn-in

The liquid crystal display devices of Examples 265 to 280 each had ahigh VHR and small ID. Furthermore, in the evaluation of screen burn-in,no afterimage was observed, or an acceptable degree of slight afterimagewas observed, if any.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A liquid crystal display device comprising a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal composition layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a color filter including a black matrix and at least RGB three-color pixels, a pixel electrode, and a common electrode, wherein the liquid crystal composition layer contains a liquid crystal composition containing a compound represented by General Formula (I) in an amount of 30 to 50%

(where R¹ and R² each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; and A represents a 1,4-phenylene group or a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group), a compound represented by General Formula (II-1) in an amount of 5 to 30%

(where R³ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; R⁴ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms; and Z³ represents a single bond, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄—, —COO—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—), and a compound represented by General Formula (II-2) in an amount of 25 to 45%

(where R⁵ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; R⁶ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms; B represents a 1,4-phenylene group or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group which is optionally substituted with a fluorine atom; and Z⁴ represents a single bond, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄—, —COO—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCF₂—, or —CF₂O—); and the color filter contains an organic pigment, wherein among whole particles of the organic pigment, particles having a particle size greater than 1000 nm have a volume fraction of not more than 1%, and particles having a particle size ranging from 40 nm to 1000 nm have a volume fraction of not more than 25%.
 2. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein, the particles having the particle size ranging from 40 nm to 1000 nm have a volume fraction of not more than 15%.
 3. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the particles having the particle size ranging from 100 nm to 1000 nm have a volume fraction of not more than 7%.
 4. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the organic pigment has a maximum light transmittance for light having a wavelength from 600 nm to 700 nm.
 5. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the organic pigment has a maximum light transmittance for light having a wavelength from 500 nm to 600 nm.
 6. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the organic pigment has a maximum light transmittance for light having a wavelength from 400 nm to 500 nm.
 7. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the organic pigment is dispersed in a coating formed on a glass substrate.
 8. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal composition layer further contains a compound represented by General Formula (III) in an amount of 3 to 35%

(where R⁷ and R⁸ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; D, E, and F each independently represent a 1,4-phenylene group or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene which is optionally substituted with a fluorine atom; Z² represents a single bond, —OCH₂—, —OCO—, —CH₂O—, or —COO—; n represents 0, 1, or 2; and the compound represented by General Formula (III) excludes the compounds represented by General Formulae (I), (II-1), and (II-2)).
 9. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein at least one compound represented by General Formula (I) in which A represents a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group and at least one compound represented by General Formula (I) in which A represents a 1,4-phenylene group are used.
 10. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein at least one compound represented by General Formula (II-2) in which B represents a 1,4-phenylene group and at least one compound represented by General Formula (II-2) in which B represents a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group are used.
 11. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 8, wherein the amount of the compounds represented by General Formulae (II-1), (II-2), and (III) is in the range of 35 to 70%.
 12. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein in the liquid crystal composition contained in the liquid crystal composition layer, Z obtained from the below equation is not more than 13000 Z = γ¹/Δ n² (where γ1 represents rotational viscosity, and Δn represents refractive index anisotropy), γ1 is not more than 150, and Δn is in the range of 0.08 to 0.13.
 13. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the upper limit of a temperature of the nematic liquid crystal phase of the liquid crystal composition contained in the liquid crystal composition layer is in the range of 60 to 120° C., the lower limit is not more than −20° C., and the difference between the upper limit and the lower limit is from 100 to
 150. 14. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the specific resistance of the liquid crystal composition contained in the liquid crystal composition layer is not less than 10¹² (Ω·m).
 15. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal composition layer is a polymer formed through polymerization of the liquid crystal composition further containing a polymerizable compound represented by General Formula (V)

(where X¹ and X² each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; Sp¹ and Sp² each independently represent a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or —O—(CH₂)_(n)— (where s represents an integer from 2 to 7, and the oxygen atom is bonded to an aromatic ring); Z¹ represents —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCO—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CF₂CF₂—, —CH═CH—COO—, —CH═CH—OCO—, —COO—CH═CH—, —OCO—CH═CH—, —COO—CH₂CH₂—, —OCO—CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—COO—, —CH₂CH₂—OCO—, —COO—CH₂—, —OCO—CH₂—, —CH₂—COO—, —CH₂—OCO—, —CY¹═CY²— (where Y¹ and Y² each independently represent a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom), —C≡C—, or a single bond; and C represents a 1,4-phenylene group, a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, or a single bond, and in each 1,4-phenylene group in the formula, any hydrogen atom is optionally substituted with a fluorine atom).
 16. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 15, wherein in General Formula (V), C represents a single bond, and Z¹ represents a single bond. 